Difference between revisions of "Vedic Terminology"

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Vedas have evolved over a period of time and the language and structure of these texts are highly preserved over thousands of years. However, as the vedic literature expanded the need to understand different aspects of them was required and thus developed the study of ancillary subjects such as Vedaangas and Puranas.
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[[Vedas (वेदाः)|Vedas]] have evolved over a period of time and the language and structure of these texts are highly preserved over thousands of years. However, as the [[Vaidika Vangmaya (वैदिकवाङ्मयम्)|vedic literature]] expanded the need to understand different aspects of them was required and thus developed the study of ancillary subjects such as [[Shad Vedangas (षड्वेदाङ्गानि)|Vedangas]] and [[Puranas (पुराणानि)|Puranas]].  
 
 
The vast vaidika vaangmaya came to include new terms which where defined in subsequent ages by maharishis. Following are the definitions of some terms associated with vedas and vaidika vaangmaya some of which were not used in the Vedas but came into being in an attempt to understand them.
 
  
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== Vaidika Koshas ==
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The vast vaidika vangmaya came to include new terms which where defined in subsequent ages by maharishis. Following are the definitions of some terms associated with vedas and vaidika vangmaya some of which were not used in the Vedas but came into being in an attempt to understand them. The list is vast and not all compassing, many Vaidika koshas<ref>[https://ia800609.us.archive.org/24/items/HindiBook-vaidika-kosh.pdf/HindiBook-vaidika-kosh.pdf Pt. Bhagavad Datta and Hansraj. (1926), ''Vaidika - Kosha'', Varanasi : Vishvabharati Anusandhana Parishad] </ref> of many volumes contain the inexhaustive compilation of innumerable words that are seen in Veda and vedangas.
 
== Vaidika granthas ==
 
== Vaidika granthas ==
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==== ॥ Shrutis ====
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[[Shruti (श्रुतिः)|Shrutis]] are scriptures are of divine origin revealed to ancient rishis. These texts include [[The Four Vedas (चतुर्वेदाः)|the four vedas]], [[Rigveda (ऋग्वेदः)|Rigveda]], [[Yajurveda (यजुर्वेदः)|Yajurveda]], [[Samaveda (सामवेदः)|Samaveda]], [[Atharvaveda (अथर्ववेदः)|Atharvana Veda]]. Vedas, which are Apaurusheyas, are the oldest available texts of [[Sanatana Dharma (सनातनधर्मः)|Sanatana Dharma]] handed down by oral traditional from father to son and from teacher to disciple. Their presence is ageless before their codification and compilation by Krishna Dwaipayana also called [[Vyasa Maharshi (व्यासमहर्षिः)|Maharshi Veda Vyasa]]. Shruti is also said to be of two types - Nigama and Aagama. 
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==== ॥ smrtis ====
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[[Smrti (स्मृतिः)|smrtis]] are texts derived from Shrutis (Vedas, which are the highest authority) that contain social, economic and political guidelines along with the prayaschittas for deviating from the code of conduct. They are said to be composed by rishis or seers and reflect the vedic principles to be put into use in daily life. One who practices the karma according to codes given in smrtis is called Smartha.  They are the following <ref name=":02" />
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{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+Astadasha smrtis
 +
|-
 +
|[[Manusmrti (मनुस्मृतिः)|Manu]]
 +
|Brihaspati
 +
|Daksha
 +
|Gautama
 +
|Yama
 +
|Aangirasa
 +
|-
 +
|[[Yajnavalkya Smrti (याज्ञवल्क्यस्मृतिः)|Yajnavalkya]]
 +
|Prachetasa
 +
|Shaatatapa
 +
|Parashara
 +
|Samvarta
 +
|Aushanasa
 +
|-
 +
|Shanka
 +
|Likhita
 +
|Aatreya
 +
|Vishnu
 +
|Aapasthamba
 +
|Haarita
 +
|}
  
==== Shrutis ====
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Apart from these three more smrtis - Ushana, Vasishta and Vyasa (who is said to have examined all the smrtis and compiled them as Vyasa smrti) are present as seen in other texts.
Shrutis are scriptures are of divine origin revealed to ancient rishis. These texts include the [[The four Vedas (चतुर्वेद)|four vedas]], Rig Veda, Yajurveda, Saamaveda, Atharvana Veda. Vedas, which are Apaurusheyas, are the oldest available texts of Sanatana Dharma handed down by oral traditional from father to son and from teacher to disciple. Their presence is ageless before their codification and compilation by Krishna Dwaipayana also called Maharshi Veda Vyasa. Shruti is also said to be of two types - Nigama and Aagama. 
 
 
 
==== Smritis ====
 
Smritis are texts derived from Shrutis (Vedas, which are the highest authority) that contain social, economic and political guidelines along with the prayaschittas for deviating from the code of conduct. They are said to be composed by rishis or seers and reflect the vedic principles to be put into use in daily life. One who practices the karma according to codes given in smritis is called Smartha.  There are
 
# Ashtadasa Smritis: 18 Smritis are Manusmriti, Brihaspati, Daksha, Gautama, Yama, Angirasa, Yagnavalkya, Prachetasa, Shaatatapa, Paraasara, Samvarta, Aushanasa, Shanka, Likhita, Atreya, Vishnu, Aapastambha, and Hareeta smritis.  Additionally Ushana, Vasishta and Vyasa smritis are present as seen in other texts<ref name=":0" />.  
 
# Upasmritis : 18 Upasmritis are Kanva, Kapila, Lohita, Devala, Kaatyayana, Lokakshi, Budha, Shaatatapa, Atri, Prachetasa, Daksha, Vishnu, Vrddhavishnu, Vrddhamanu, Dhaumya, Naarada, Paulatsya, and Uttaraangira upasmritis. It may be noted that some names appear in both the Smriti and Upasmriti lists<ref name=":0" />.
 
Smriti literature includes Vedangas, Veda Upangas, Itihasa and Puranas. However, smritis can be classified into two types :
 
# Define Code of Conduct : In them are defined the different Varnaashrama dharmas, Relationships between people, Raja dharmas, Rules about consumption of food (activities of daily life), Pujas and Rituals, Yagnas and yagas, Shraddha karma for the deceased, judiciary rules. Example : Dharma sutras of Manu and Yagnavalkya.
 
# Expound Sastras : Some texts contain information related to one subject such as Panini's Ashtadhyayi for Vyakarana, Gautama sutras in the Nyaya sastra.
 
 
 
==== Itihasas ====
 
  
Itihasas describe the history of past events or happenings. Example : Mahabharata<ref name=":0" /> and Ramayana.
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{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+Astadasha Upa-smrtis
 +
|-
 +
|Kanva
 +
|Kapila
 +
|Lohita
 +
|Devala
 +
|Katyayana
 +
|Lokakshi
 +
|-
 +
|Budha
 +
|Shaatatapa
 +
|Atri
 +
|Prachetasa
 +
|Daksha
 +
|Vishnu
 +
|-
 +
|Vrddhavishnu
 +
|Vrddhamanu
 +
|Dhaumya
 +
|Narada
 +
|Paulastya
 +
|Uttaraangirasa
 +
|}
  
==== Puranas ====
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There are alternative versions of this list of smrtis and Upasmrtis and it may be noted that there are some common names in both the lists.  Thus, smrti literature includes Vedangas, Veda Upangas, [[Itihasa (इतिहासः)|Itihasa]] and Puranas. However, smrtis can be classified into two types :
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# Define Code of Conduct : In them are defined the different [[Varnashrama Dharma (वर्णाश्रमधर्मः)|Varnashrama dharmas]], aspects of relationship between man and woman, Raja dharmas, Rules about consumption of food (activities of daily life), Pujas and Rituals, [[Yajna (यज्ञः)|Yajnas]] and yaagas, [[Shraddha (श्राद्धम्)|Shraddha karma]] for the deceased, judiciary rules. Example : Dharma sutras of Manu and Yajnavalkya.
 +
# Expound Shastras : Some texts contain information related to one subject such as Panini's Ashtadhyayi for [[Vyakarana Vedanga (व्याकरणवेदाङ्गम्)|Vyakarana]], Gautama sutras in the Nyaya sastra.
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==== ॥ Itihasas ====
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Itihasas describe the history of past events or happenings. Example : [[Mahabharata (महाभारतम्)|Mahabharata]]<ref name=":02" /> and [[Ramayana (रामायणम्)|Ramayana]].
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==== ॥ Puranas ====
 
Amarakosa defines Purana as one having the Panchalakshanas
 
Amarakosa defines Purana as one having the Panchalakshanas
  
 
sargascha pratisargascha vamso manvantarani cha
 
sargascha pratisargascha vamso manvantarani cha
  
According to this definition, Purana is one which describes Sarga, Pratisarga, Vamsa, Manvantara, and Vamsaanucharita. Mention of Puranas has been made in the Brahmanas, Smriti says Puranas are commentaries on vedas, while Mahabharata has used the Purana to mean stories about devas and siddhas<ref name=":1">[https://ia802606.us.archive.org/17/items/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft.pdf Vettam. Mani (1975) Puranic Encyclopaedia Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass]</ref>.  
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According to this definition, Purana is one which describes Sarga, Pratisarga, Vamsa, Manvantara, and Vamsaanucharita. Mention of Puranas has been made in the Brahmanas, smrti says Puranas are commentaries on vedas, while Mahabharata has used the Purana to mean stories about devas and siddhas<ref name=":12">[https://ia802606.us.archive.org/17/items/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft.pdf Vettam. Mani (1975) Puranic Encyclopaedia Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass]</ref>.  
 
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==== Aagamas ====
==== Aagamas ====
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Aagamas, meaning "that which were handed down" to us from past generations. They include an enormous collection of texts and include those written on vedic foundation. They are the primary source and ultimate authority for [[Devalaya Vyavastha (देवालयव्यवस्था)|temple construction]] and rituals followed therein<ref name=":02">Venkateswara Rao. Potturi (2010) ''Paaramaathika Padakosam'' Hyderabad: Msko Books</ref>. The three main shaakas namely Vaishnava, Shaakta, and Saiva - have their own Aagama texts related to the deity.   
Aagamas, meaning "that which were handed down" to us from past generations. They include an enormous collection of texts and include those written on vedic foundation. They are the primary source and ultimate authority for temple construction and rituals followed therein<ref name=":0">Venkateswara Rao. Potturi (2010) ''Paaramaathika Padakosam'' Hyderabad: Msko Books</ref>. The three main shaakas namely Vaishnava, Shaakta, and Saiva - have their own Aagama texts related to the deity.   
 
 
 
They include methodology for worship of the deity, yoga, yantra, temple construction, deity installation, rituals and purificatory rites, social and religious observances to be followed, conduct of celebrations and festivals, tantric instructions and other finer details concerned with these topics. 
 
  
==== Darsanas ====
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They include methodology for worship of the deity, [[Yoga Darshana (योगदर्शनम्)|yoga]], yantra, temple construction, deity installation, rituals and purificatory rites, social and religious observances to be followed, conduct of celebrations and festivals, tantric instructions and other finer details concerned with these topics. 
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==== Darsanas ====
 
Darsana (Samskrit : ) word means "to look", "view". In Vedantic terms it means tattvasastra one which explains the nature (of a particular thing). They are of two types : Astika and Nastika.
 
Darsana (Samskrit : ) word means "to look", "view". In Vedantic terms it means tattvasastra one which explains the nature (of a particular thing). They are of two types : Astika and Nastika.
  
Astika darsanas that believe in Vedic Philosophy: Vedanta, Saiva, Vaishnava, Shaakta, Gaanesha, Sauradarsanas. Vedanta darsanas are further divided into Shadarsanas namely Samkhya, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Yoga, Purva Mimamsa and Uttara Mimamsa<ref name=":0" />. There are different versions whether Samkhya darshana follows vedic principles.
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Astika darsanas that believe in Vedic Philosophy: Vedanta, Saiva, Vaishnava, Shaakta, Gaanesha, Sauradarsanas. Vedanta darsanas are further divided into Shadarsanas namely [[Samkhya Darshana (साङ्ख्यदर्शनम्)|Samkhya]], Nyaya, [[Vaisheshika Darshana (वैशेषिकदर्शनम्)|Vaisheshika]], Yoga, [[Mimamsa Darshana (मीमांसादर्शनम्)|Purva Mimamsa]] and [[Vedanta (वेदान्तः)|Uttara Mimamsa]]<ref name=":02" />. There are different versions whether Samkhya darshana follows vedic principles.
  
Nastika darsanas that do not adhere to Vedic Philosophy: Charvaka, Baudha, Jainadarsanas among others.<ref name=":0" />
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Nastika darsanas that do not adhere to Vedic Philosophy: Charvaka, Baudha, Jainadarsanas among others.<ref name=":02" />
  
 
One who is well versed in darshanas is called Daarshanika.  
 
One who is well versed in darshanas is called Daarshanika.  
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==== ॥ Shastras/Sastra ====
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Shastras (sastra) are used to denote texts of specialized education/knowledge in a general sense. Shastras explain righteous instructions confirming to the Vedas and define the [[Pravrtti (प्रवृत्तिः)|Pravrtti]] and [[Nivrtti (निवृत्तिः)|Nivrtti]] ways<ref name=":02" />. Shastras are treatises containing methodical exposition of specialized technical knowledge in a defined area of practice. Generally, each shastra contains objective, eligibility and framework for study, purvapaksha (theory), [[Pramana (प्रमाणम्)|pramanas]] (sources of knowledge) and siddhantas (propounding concept through pramanas), vadaopavadas (debate)<ref>http://www.hindupedia.com/en/Overview_Of_Scriptures</ref>. For example : 
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==== ॥ Vedanta ====
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Vedanta means "end of Vedas" typically given in [[Upanishads (उपनिषदाः)|Upanishads]]. [[Aranyaka (आरण्यकम्)|Aranyakas]] and Upanishads are inseparably connected with each other<ref name=":12" />. 
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==== ॥ Upanishads ====
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Upanishad is that which is near". Upanishads are called the Jnanakanda of the vedas as they describe the tattva or nature of the [[Brahman (ब्रह्मन्)|Brahman]] and the different ways to attain Brahman ([[Panchagnividya (पञ्चाग्निविद्या)|Panchagnividya]]). They contain the knowledge about Pranava, Brahma, Atma, Sristhi and paraloukika jnana. Upanishads are many in number with 108 most important ones and for 10 of which Srimad [[Adi Shankaracharya (आदिशङ्कराचार्यः)|Shankaraacharya]] has given his commentaries.
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== Veda vibhaga Nirmanapaddhati ==
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Typical divisional aspects of Vedas have been summarized as follows as given by Pt. Shri. Rishiramji Regmi <ref>Regmi, Shri. Rishiramji, ''[http://ignca.nic.in/vedic_heritage/Ved_Vedang_gp_15.pdf Yajurved Ka Sankship Parichay]'', Vedic Heritage Portal </ref> for Yajur veda and by Dr. C M Neelakandhan<ref>Neelakandhan, C. M. ''[http://ignca.nic.in/vedic_heritage/Jaiminiyasamagana_origin_Prof_CMNeelakandan.pdf Jaiminiiyasaama - Origin, Structure, Accentuation, Oral Gaana - Tradition and Commentaries]'' from Vedic Heritage Portal </ref> for Saama veda.
  
==== Shastras/Sastra ====
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Rig veda Samhita Mandala Krama : Mandalas Suktas Mantra
Shastras (sastra) are used to denote texts of specialized education/knowledge in a general sense. Shastras explain righteous instructions confirming to the Vedas and define the Pravritti and Nivritti ways<ref name=":0" />. Shastras are treatises containing methodical exposition of specialized technical knowledge in a defined area of practice. Generally, each shastra contains objective, eligibility and framework for study, purvapaksha (theory), pramanas (sources of knowledge) and siddhantas (propounding concept through pramanas), vadaopavadas (debate)<ref>http://www.hindupedia.com/en/Overview_Of_Scriptures</ref>. For example : 
 
  
==== Vedanta ====
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Rig veda Samhita Astaka Krama : Ashtaka Adhyaya Mantra 
Vedanta means "end of Vedas" typically given in Upanishads. Aranyakas and Upanishads are inseparably connected with each other<ref name=":1" />. 
 
  
==== Upanishads ====
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Krishna Yajur veda : Kanda Prapathaka Anuvaka Kandika 
Upanishad is that which is near". Upanishads are called the Jnanakanda of the vedas as they describe the tattva or nature of the Brahman and the different ways to attain Brahman (Panchagnividya). They contain the knowledge about Pranava, Brahma, Atma, Sristhi and paraloukika jnana. Upanishads are many in number with 108 most important ones and for 10 of which Srimad Shankaraacharya has given his commentaries.
 
  
== Vedic Textual structure ==
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Shukla Yajur veda Samhita : Adhyaya Anuvaka Adhyaya Kandika         
Vaidika mantras characteristically have the following four features : Rishi, Devata, Chandas, and Swara.
 
  
==== Shakha / Sakha ====
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Saama veda Samhita : Archikas (Kanda Prapathaka Saaman-Mantras) Gaana       
Shakas are editions of Vedas propounded by different rishis. Known by the names of the rishis they are exclusive versions of veda patha paddhati preserved through guru-shishya parampara. Shakhas can be classified into two types
 
# compilations without any variations in mantras from the original structure of vedas
 
# compilations with some variations in mantras different from original structure of vedas<ref>http://www.vedicgranth.org/what_are_vedic_granth/shaakha</ref>
 
According to MahaBhasya of Patanjali, there were 1131 Shakhas (21+101+1000+9) prevalent during his times. 
 
  
एकविंशतिधा बाह्वृच्यम्। एकशतमध्वर्युशाखाः। सहस्रवर्त्मा सामवेदः। नवधाथर्वणो वेदः। पातन्जल महाभाष्य, पस्प-शाह्निक। 
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==== वैदिकशाकाः ॥ Vaidika Shaakhas ====
 +
[[वैदिकशाकाः ॥ Vaidika Shaakhas]] are paathantharas or alternate editions of Vedic recitations propounded by different rishis. Known by the names of the rishis they are exclusive versions of veda patha paddhati preserved through guru-shishya parampara. 
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==== मन्त्रः ॥ Mantra ====
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[[Mantra|मन्त्रः ॥ Mantra]] is the fundamental unit of all Vedic literature and a group of mantras form a Sukta, which is the most widely used recitation unit of vedas. Mantra (Samskrit : मन्त्रः) according to Shabdakalpadruma is given as मन्त्र्यते गुप्तं परिभाष्यते इति and the root word is 'मत्रि' in the meaning गुप्तभाषणे । secret conversation<ref>[https://sa.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0 Mantra as given in Samskruta Dictionaries of Wikisource]</ref>. 
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==== अनुवाकम् ॥ Anuvaka ====
 +
Anuvaka is one classification or grouping of a set of mantras of Rig and Yajurveda.
  
This includes the 4 Ved Samhitas. However, now only 16 of these Shakhas are available, which are as follows:
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It is also the system of vedadhyaya - studying vedas wherein the disciple learns from his Guru which a particular word or sound should or should not be uttered<ref name=":02" />.
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==== प्रपाठकः ॥ Prapaathaka ====
 +
Prapaathakas are a system of classification or grouping of mantras seen mainly in Yajurveda Samhitas. It is saamavedadhyayana - system of studying Saamaveda and a part of vedaadhyayana<ref name=":02" />.
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==== ॥ Adhyaya ====
 +
Adhyaya is a common system of grouping of mantras seen in vedas samhitas and many other texts such as Shrimad Bhaagavata Purana.
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==== ॥ Kanda ====
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Kandas are textual sections or divisions seen in epics like Ramayana. 
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==== ॥ Parisista /Parishishta ====
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Parista literally means "what is left over". Parisistas are given by rishis to understand the yagnakriyas widely deal with the procedures that have not been covered in detail.
 +
# The Āśvalāyana-grhya-pariśista has four chapters and deals with subjects related to the Ṛgveda.
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# The Gobhilasañgraha-pariśista belongs to the Sāmaveda. It deals with gṛhyakarmas or rites to be performed in one’s home and some kāmyakarmas or desire-motivated actions.
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# Karmapradipa is the work attributed to either Gobhila or Kātyāyana. It is known by other names also such as Sāmagrhya, Chandoga-pariśista and Gobhilasmrti.
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# The Nigamapariśista and the Pravarādhyāya of Kātyāyana are assigned to the Śukla Yajurveda tradition<ref>http://www.hindupedia.com/en/Pari%C5%9Bista</ref>.
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==== ॥ Suktam ====
 +
A collection of or set of individual Rik mantras on one devata is called Sukta. There are many Suktas in a Mandala and each sukta may contain varying number of mantras. Vaidika suktas characteristically have the following four features : Rishi, Devata, Chandas, and Swara. Example : Nasadiya Suktam. Purusha Suktam. 
  
1.     5 of ऋग्वेदः '''शाकल: (Shaakala)'''(with and without Baal Khilya Sukta), बाष्कल: (Bhaashkala), आश्वलायन: (Aashvalaayana), शांखायन: (Shaankhaayana) and माण्डूकाय (Mandukaaya)
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==== ॥ Sloka ====
 +
Slokas are organized metrical word constructions referring to verses other than mantras of Vedas.  
  
2.     6 of यजुर्वेदः
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Texts other than the vedas (Shastras, Puranas, Itihasas) which are poetic in form are said to contain slokas. Slokas have chandas and thus vary in the number of syllables per line based on the chandas in which they are built in.  
  
a.            3 of शुक्ल-यजुर्वेदः'''वाजसनेयी (Vaajasaneyi)''' or माध्यन्दिनी (Maadhyandini) and काण्व (Kaanva)।
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==== ॥ Sutra ====
 +
Sutra is a code that contains the essence of a subject expressed in minimum number of words possible. Sutras are like formulae which are universally applicable, faultless and contain one or more letter or words. Exemplary construct of sutras is seen in Panini's Ashtadhyayi which is a grammatical treatise containing sutras composed of even one letter. Others 
  
b.            3 of कृष्ण-यजुर्वेदः तैत्तिरीय: (Taittiriya), मैत्रायणी (Maitraayani), कठ: (Katha), and कपिष्ठल (Kapishhthala)।
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==== ॥ Stotram ====
 +
One or a set of slokas written in praise of a devata by rishis (Narayana) and siddhapurushas such as Sri Shankaraacharya. Example as in Lakshmi stotram where the stotram is addressing Lakshmi devi by rishis. Kanakadhara stotram is given by Sri Shankaraacharya in praise of Lakshmi devi. Many such stotras are recited or chanted for either fulfillment of worldly desires or for adhyatmik upliftment as part of worshiping a particular deity.
  
3.     3 of सामवेदः '''कौथुमीय (Kauthumiya)''', राणायनीय (Ranaayaniya) and जैमिनीय (Jaiminiya)
+
Astakam (where the number of slokas are eight in number) and such stotras are chanted by everyone without the requirement of vedic procedures.
  
4.     2 of अथर्ववेदः '''शौनक (Shaunak)''' and पैप्लाद: (Paipalaada)
+
Treatises and commentaries are also written as slokas having a particular chandas. Example : Vivekachudamani by Sri Shankaraacharya.
  
==== Mantra ====
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Tantrik texts are composed as slokas praising different deities and include conversations between different deities, thus prose compositions are also seen. Example : Devi Astottarasatanama stotram from Viswasaara tantra.
Mantras are the fundamental units of all Vedic literature and most widely used form of sounds. In the textual content, in each Veda, contains mantras as ultimate meaningful structure, called as Rk (Rik, Ruk) in Rig veda, Yajus in Yajurveda and Saaman in Saamaveda is termed as mantra.
 
* Mantras include letters (Beejaksharas), words or sentences (Gayatri mantra, Siva Panchakshari, Vishnu dvadasakshari mantras)
 
* Mantras
 
  
Vedas and vaidika vaangmaya expound that every karma should be performed using mantras. Thus, starting from all nityakarmas or mundane activities (waking up, bathing) to worship (spiritual or ritualistic), celebrations, 
+
== People of Vedic times ==
 +
==== ॥ Rishi ====
 +
Rig Veda gives an ancient, extraordinary definition about a rishi as follows
  
Mantra (Samskrit : मन्त्रः) according to Shabdakalpadruma is given as मन्त्र्यते गुप्तं परिभाष्यते इति and the root word is 'मत्रि' in the meaning गुप्तभाषणे ।
+
प्रत्यर्धिर्यज्ञानामश्वहयो रथानाम्। ऋषि: स यो मनुर्हितो विप्रस्य यावयत्सख: ॥ (Rig. Veda. 10.26.5)  
  
,ऋग्वेदे . ६७ . ४ . ७४ .“ प्रनूनं ब्रह्मणपतिर्मन्त्रं वदत्युक्थम् 
+
Accordingly, the term ऋषि:॥ Rishi is one who has the following qualities
  
“mananat trayate iti mantrah”, continuous repetition, contemplation and recollection of a word or statement, (either in prose or poetic form), which protects us and yields beneficial results is a Mantra.
+
यज्ञानां प्रति अर्धि: = One who effectively promotes and accomplishes yagnas (sreshta karma) and who is as pure, absolute and spotless always involved in performing the right deeds.  
  
==== Japa ====
+
रथानाम् अश्व: (हय:) = One who earnestly and speedily urges forward the journey of a person's life on a positive path and redirects the journey of people with crooked, conniving, wavering mentalities back into the righteous track with his positive methods.
<nowiki>*</nowiki> ..मन्त्रस्य त्रिविधजपो यथा, --“ वाचिकश्च उपांशुश्च मानसश्च त्रिधा स्मृतः .त्रयाणां जपयज्ञानां श्रेयान् स्यादुत्तरोत्तरः ..यदुच्चनीचस्वरितैः स्पष्टशब्दवदक्षरैः .मन्त्रमुच्चारयेद्व्यक्तं जपयज्ञः स वाचिकः ..शनैरुच्चारयेन्मन्त्रमीषदोष्ठौ प्रचालयन् .किञ्चित् शब्दं स्वयं विद्यादुपांशुः स जपः स्मृतः ..धिया यदक्षरश्रेण्या वर्णार्द्वर्णं पदात् पदम् .शब्दार्थचिन्तनाभ्यासः स उक्तो मानसो जपः ..तेन स्वरादिसुव्यक्तवर्णोच्चारणवान् वाचिकः .स्वयंशब्दग्रहणमात्रयोग्यकिञ्चिच्छब्दवानुपांशुः .जिह्वोष्ठचालनमन्तरेण वर्णानुसन्धात्मको-मानसः ..” * ..वाचिकेऽप्युच्चैर्जपनिषेधमाह शङ्खः .“ नोच्चैर्जप्यं बुधः कुर्य्यात् सावित्र्यास्तु विशेषतः .” योगियाज्ञवल्क्यः 
 
  
Anuvaka
+
मनु: हित: =  One who unbiasedly without prejudice works tirelessly for the well-being of mankind
  
Prapathaka
+
विप्रस्य सख: = One who befriends wise and intellectual persons
  
Adhyaya
+
यावयत् सख: = One who extends beyond the boundaries of mankind to promote the well-being of all creatures.
  
Kanda
+
॥ Devi/Devata/Deva
  
Parishishta
+
॥ Sura
  
Sukta
+
॥ Asura Vaidika kosha
  
Sloka
+
॥ Dasyu
  
Stuti
+
॥ Pani
 +
== Vaidika Kriyas ==
 +
॥ Yagnam : A common and general term used to denote all satkarmas (good deeds) and encompasses several aspects such as worship, praise, pleasing of a deity, a purpose to achieve, a yaaga, an oblation and could be a mental (Jnana) or physically ritualistic process (Kratu) which may or may not include the piling of Agnihotra. An unmarried man is not allowed by sastras to perform any special yagnas or yaagas. A brahmachari is restricted to perform only some vaidika kriyas.
  
Sutra
+
Bhagavad geeta gives the process of Jnanayagna. Adhiyagnam katham  8 .2 bhagavadgeeta Karma brahmo 3.15 bhagavadgeeta Yagnanardhat karmano yatra 3.9 Bhagavadgeeta 9.15 Jnana yagne, 9.16    
  
== People of Vedic times ==
+
॥ Yaagam : Yaagas are elaborate rituals with specific names (in contrast to Yagna which is a general name) involving Agnihotra with special offering of suitable dravyas (havis such as purodaasa, milk, ghee, etc) to the devatas. Some yaagas last for one day to three or more days even up to 12 years. Example: Sarpa sattra yaga was performed by King Janamejaya where all sarpas serpents were destroyed in the yaaga fire.
  
==== Rishi ====
+
A ‘Yaaga’ is made up of several rituals which has its own principal part (Pradhana). Those that form subsidiary or supplement to this are called ‘Angas’. Some of the rituals may be common to several ‘Yaagas’<ref name=":022222222">Radhakrishna Bhat, N. ''[http://ignca.nic.in/vedic_heritage/Vedic_tradition_karnataka.pdf Vedic Ritual Tradition of Karnataka]'', Vedic Heritage Portal.</ref>.    
Rig Veda gives an ancient, extraordinary definition about a rishi as follows
 
  
प्रत्यर्धिर्यज्ञानामश्वहयो रथानाम्। ऋषि: स यो मनुर्हितो विप्रस्य यावयत्सख: ॥ (Rig. Veda. 10.26.5)
+
A Yaaga is specialized vedic process involving an uddesa or intention (sankalpa) towards a particular deity, an altar (yajnakunda), a host (yajamaana), yajnika offerings of various kinds (kratuvu, bali), utensils, sacred fire (yagagni), one or more officiating priests (purohita), gifts (dakshina) for the priests and guests, expiation ceremony (prayaschitta) and other concluding rituals. They are performed in open or in a house, temple, palace or a temporary structure (yajnavatika) built for the purpose<ref name=":03222222">http://www.hindupedia.com/en/Agnihotra#cite_note-1</ref>.
  
Accordingly, the term ऋषि:॥ Rishi is one who has the following qualities
+
In Yaagas, yajamani offers the aahuti, in a standing position, using the utterance "वौशट् ॥ vaushat" at the end of mantras for the deity. Thus the ceremonies which are performed with the root "yaj" are yaagas like in "सोमेन यजेत ॥ somena yajeta"<ref name=":122222">Purkayastha, Dipanjona (2014) Ph. D Thesis from Assam University : ''[http://hdl.handle.net/10603/41946 A Study of the Asvalayana srauta sutra with reference to the principal sacrifices]''</ref>.
  
यज्ञानां प्रति अर्धि: = One who effectively promotes and accomplishes yagnas (sreshta karma) and who is as pure, absolute and spotless always involved in performing the right deeds.  
+
॥ Homa : Homa refers to both the small scale rituals involving specially constructed altars with Agnihotra such as in navagraha homa conducted for grihapravesam (housewarming) to larger scale rituals such as Chandi homa conducted in temples. Homas are usually conducted as Angas for mantrajapams and do not involve all the vedic procedures.
  
रथानाम् अश्व: (हय:) = One who earnestly and speedily urges forward the journey of a person's life on a positive path and redirects the journey of people with crooked, conniving, wavering mentalities back into the righteous track with his positive methods.
+
In Homam yajamani offers the aahuti, in a seated position, using the utterance "स्वाह ॥ svaaha" at the end of mantras for the deity. Thus the ceremonies which are performed with the root "hu" are Homas like in "अग्निहोत्रम् जुहुयात् ॥ agnihotram juhuyaat"<ref name=":1222222">Purkayastha, Dipanjona (2014) Ph. D Thesis from Assam University : ''[http://hdl.handle.net/10603/41946 A Study of the Asvalayana srauta sutra with reference to the principal sacrifices]''</ref>.
  
मनु: हित: =  One who unbiasedly without prejudice works tirelessly for the well-being of mankind
+
In present days, homas are being conducted by women priests but that aspect is outside the purview of the nitya agnihotram.
  
विप्रस्य सख: = One who befriends wise and intellectual persons
+
॥ Isthi : Smaller Angas of the yaagas, some of them can be performed as individual events. Putrakaamesti is the famous example which was performed by King Dasaratha for obtaining a son.
  
यावयत् सख: = One who extends beyond the boundaries of mankind to promote the well-being of all creatures.
+
॥ Nityapuja
  
Devi/Devata/Deva
+
॥ Archana
 
+
==== ॥ Japa ====
Sura
+
<nowiki>*</nowiki> ..मन्त्रस्य त्रिविधजपो यथा, --“ वाचिकश्च उपांशुश्च मानसश्च त्रिधा स्मृतः .त्रयाणां जपयज्ञानां श्रेयान् स्यादुत्तरोत्तरः ..यदुच्चनीचस्वरितैः स्पष्टशब्दवदक्षरैः .मन्त्रमुच्चारयेद्व्यक्तं जपयज्ञः स वाचिकः ..शनैरुच्चारयेन्मन्त्रमीषदोष्ठौ प्रचालयन् .किञ्चित् शब्दं स्वयं विद्यादुपांशुः स जपः स्मृतः ..धिया यदक्षरश्रेण्या वर्णार्द्वर्णं पदात् पदम् .शब्दार्थचिन्तनाभ्यासः स उक्तो मानसो जपः ..तेन स्वरादिसुव्यक्तवर्णोच्चारणवान् वाचिकः .स्वयंशब्दग्रहणमात्रयोग्यकिञ्चिच्छब्दवानुपांशुः .जिह्वोष्ठचालनमन्तरेण वर्णानुसन्धात्मको-मानसः ..” * ..वाचिकेऽप्युच्चैर्जपनिषेधमाह शङ्खः .“ नोच्चैर्जप्यं बुधः कुर्य्यात् सावित्र्यास्तु विशेषतः .” योगियाज्ञवल्क्यः 
  
Asura Vaidika kosha
+
॥ Tapa
 
 
Dasyu
 
 
 
Pani
 
 
 
== Vaidika Kriyas ==
 
Yagnam
 
  
Yagam
+
॥ Dhyana
  
Isthi
+
॥ Homa
  
Purodasha
+
॥ Daana
  
Havishya
+
॥ Purodasha
  
 +
॥ Havishya
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
# Pt. Bhagavad Datta and Hansraj. (1926), Vaidika- Kosha, Varanasi : Vishvabharati Anusandhana Parishad (Link : https://ia800609.us.archive.org/24/items/HindiBook-vaidika-kosh.pdf/HindiBook-vaidika-kosh.pdf)
 

Latest revision as of 22:31, 12 March 2020

Vedas have evolved over a period of time and the language and structure of these texts are highly preserved over thousands of years. However, as the vedic literature expanded the need to understand different aspects of them was required and thus developed the study of ancillary subjects such as Vedangas and Puranas.

Vaidika Koshas

The vast vaidika vangmaya came to include new terms which where defined in subsequent ages by maharishis. Following are the definitions of some terms associated with vedas and vaidika vangmaya some of which were not used in the Vedas but came into being in an attempt to understand them. The list is vast and not all compassing, many Vaidika koshas[1] of many volumes contain the inexhaustive compilation of innumerable words that are seen in Veda and vedangas.

Vaidika granthas

॥ Shrutis

Shrutis are scriptures are of divine origin revealed to ancient rishis. These texts include the four vedas, Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, Atharvana Veda. Vedas, which are Apaurusheyas, are the oldest available texts of Sanatana Dharma handed down by oral traditional from father to son and from teacher to disciple. Their presence is ageless before their codification and compilation by Krishna Dwaipayana also called Maharshi Veda Vyasa. Shruti is also said to be of two types - Nigama and Aagama.

॥ smrtis

smrtis are texts derived from Shrutis (Vedas, which are the highest authority) that contain social, economic and political guidelines along with the prayaschittas for deviating from the code of conduct. They are said to be composed by rishis or seers and reflect the vedic principles to be put into use in daily life. One who practices the karma according to codes given in smrtis is called Smartha. They are the following [2]

Astadasha smrtis
Manu Brihaspati Daksha Gautama Yama Aangirasa
Yajnavalkya Prachetasa Shaatatapa Parashara Samvarta Aushanasa
Shanka Likhita Aatreya Vishnu Aapasthamba Haarita

Apart from these three more smrtis - Ushana, Vasishta and Vyasa (who is said to have examined all the smrtis and compiled them as Vyasa smrti) are present as seen in other texts.

Astadasha Upa-smrtis
Kanva Kapila Lohita Devala Katyayana Lokakshi
Budha Shaatatapa Atri Prachetasa Daksha Vishnu
Vrddhavishnu Vrddhamanu Dhaumya Narada Paulastya Uttaraangirasa

There are alternative versions of this list of smrtis and Upasmrtis and it may be noted that there are some common names in both the lists. Thus, smrti literature includes Vedangas, Veda Upangas, Itihasa and Puranas. However, smrtis can be classified into two types :

  1. Define Code of Conduct : In them are defined the different Varnashrama dharmas, aspects of relationship between man and woman, Raja dharmas, Rules about consumption of food (activities of daily life), Pujas and Rituals, Yajnas and yaagas, Shraddha karma for the deceased, judiciary rules. Example : Dharma sutras of Manu and Yajnavalkya.
  2. Expound Shastras : Some texts contain information related to one subject such as Panini's Ashtadhyayi for Vyakarana, Gautama sutras in the Nyaya sastra.

॥ Itihasas

Itihasas describe the history of past events or happenings. Example : Mahabharata[2] and Ramayana.

॥ Puranas

Amarakosa defines Purana as one having the Panchalakshanas

sargascha pratisargascha vamso manvantarani cha

According to this definition, Purana is one which describes Sarga, Pratisarga, Vamsa, Manvantara, and Vamsaanucharita. Mention of Puranas has been made in the Brahmanas, smrti says Puranas are commentaries on vedas, while Mahabharata has used the Purana to mean stories about devas and siddhas[3].

॥ Aagamas

Aagamas, meaning "that which were handed down" to us from past generations. They include an enormous collection of texts and include those written on vedic foundation. They are the primary source and ultimate authority for temple construction and rituals followed therein[2]. The three main shaakas namely Vaishnava, Shaakta, and Saiva - have their own Aagama texts related to the deity.

They include methodology for worship of the deity, yoga, yantra, temple construction, deity installation, rituals and purificatory rites, social and religious observances to be followed, conduct of celebrations and festivals, tantric instructions and other finer details concerned with these topics.

॥ Darsanas

Darsana (Samskrit : ) word means "to look", "view". In Vedantic terms it means tattvasastra one which explains the nature (of a particular thing). They are of two types : Astika and Nastika.

Astika darsanas that believe in Vedic Philosophy: Vedanta, Saiva, Vaishnava, Shaakta, Gaanesha, Sauradarsanas. Vedanta darsanas are further divided into Shadarsanas namely Samkhya, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Yoga, Purva Mimamsa and Uttara Mimamsa[2]. There are different versions whether Samkhya darshana follows vedic principles.

Nastika darsanas that do not adhere to Vedic Philosophy: Charvaka, Baudha, Jainadarsanas among others.[2]

One who is well versed in darshanas is called Daarshanika.

॥ Shastras/Sastra

Shastras (sastra) are used to denote texts of specialized education/knowledge in a general sense. Shastras explain righteous instructions confirming to the Vedas and define the Pravrtti and Nivrtti ways[2]. Shastras are treatises containing methodical exposition of specialized technical knowledge in a defined area of practice. Generally, each shastra contains objective, eligibility and framework for study, purvapaksha (theory), pramanas (sources of knowledge) and siddhantas (propounding concept through pramanas), vadaopavadas (debate)[4]. For example :

॥ Vedanta

Vedanta means "end of Vedas" typically given in Upanishads. Aranyakas and Upanishads are inseparably connected with each other[3].

॥ Upanishads

Upanishad is that which is near". Upanishads are called the Jnanakanda of the vedas as they describe the tattva or nature of the Brahman and the different ways to attain Brahman (Panchagnividya). They contain the knowledge about Pranava, Brahma, Atma, Sristhi and paraloukika jnana. Upanishads are many in number with 108 most important ones and for 10 of which Srimad Shankaraacharya has given his commentaries.

Veda vibhaga Nirmanapaddhati

Typical divisional aspects of Vedas have been summarized as follows as given by Pt. Shri. Rishiramji Regmi [5] for Yajur veda and by Dr. C M Neelakandhan[6] for Saama veda.

Rig veda Samhita Mandala Krama : Mandalas Suktas Mantra

Rig veda Samhita Astaka Krama : Ashtaka Adhyaya Mantra

Krishna Yajur veda : Kanda Prapathaka Anuvaka Kandika

Shukla Yajur veda Samhita : Adhyaya Anuvaka Adhyaya Kandika

Saama veda Samhita : Archikas (Kanda Prapathaka Saaman-Mantras) Gaana

वैदिकशाकाः ॥ Vaidika Shaakhas

वैदिकशाकाः ॥ Vaidika Shaakhas are paathantharas or alternate editions of Vedic recitations propounded by different rishis. Known by the names of the rishis they are exclusive versions of veda patha paddhati preserved through guru-shishya parampara.

मन्त्रः ॥ Mantra

मन्त्रः ॥ Mantra is the fundamental unit of all Vedic literature and a group of mantras form a Sukta, which is the most widely used recitation unit of vedas. Mantra (Samskrit : मन्त्रः) according to Shabdakalpadruma is given as मन्त्र्यते गुप्तं परिभाष्यते इति and the root word is 'मत्रि' in the meaning गुप्तभाषणे । secret conversation[7].

अनुवाकम् ॥ Anuvaka

Anuvaka is one classification or grouping of a set of mantras of Rig and Yajurveda.

It is also the system of vedadhyaya - studying vedas wherein the disciple learns from his Guru which a particular word or sound should or should not be uttered[2].

प्रपाठकः ॥ Prapaathaka

Prapaathakas are a system of classification or grouping of mantras seen mainly in Yajurveda Samhitas. It is saamavedadhyayana - system of studying Saamaveda and a part of vedaadhyayana[2].

॥ Adhyaya

Adhyaya is a common system of grouping of mantras seen in vedas samhitas and many other texts such as Shrimad Bhaagavata Purana.

॥ Kanda

Kandas are textual sections or divisions seen in epics like Ramayana.

॥ Parisista /Parishishta

Parista literally means "what is left over". Parisistas are given by rishis to understand the yagnakriyas widely deal with the procedures that have not been covered in detail.

  1. The Āśvalāyana-grhya-pariśista has four chapters and deals with subjects related to the Ṛgveda.
  2. The Gobhilasañgraha-pariśista belongs to the Sāmaveda. It deals with gṛhyakarmas or rites to be performed in one’s home and some kāmyakarmas or desire-motivated actions.
  3. Karmapradipa is the work attributed to either Gobhila or Kātyāyana. It is known by other names also such as Sāmagrhya, Chandoga-pariśista and Gobhilasmrti.
  4. The Nigamapariśista and the Pravarādhyāya of Kātyāyana are assigned to the Śukla Yajurveda tradition[8].

॥ Suktam

A collection of or set of individual Rik mantras on one devata is called Sukta. There are many Suktas in a Mandala and each sukta may contain varying number of mantras. Vaidika suktas characteristically have the following four features : Rishi, Devata, Chandas, and Swara. Example : Nasadiya Suktam. Purusha Suktam.

॥ Sloka

Slokas are organized metrical word constructions referring to verses other than mantras of Vedas.

Texts other than the vedas (Shastras, Puranas, Itihasas) which are poetic in form are said to contain slokas. Slokas have chandas and thus vary in the number of syllables per line based on the chandas in which they are built in.

॥ Sutra

Sutra is a code that contains the essence of a subject expressed in minimum number of words possible. Sutras are like formulae which are universally applicable, faultless and contain one or more letter or words. Exemplary construct of sutras is seen in Panini's Ashtadhyayi which is a grammatical treatise containing sutras composed of even one letter. Others

॥ Stotram

One or a set of slokas written in praise of a devata by rishis (Narayana) and siddhapurushas such as Sri Shankaraacharya. Example as in Lakshmi stotram where the stotram is addressing Lakshmi devi by rishis. Kanakadhara stotram is given by Sri Shankaraacharya in praise of Lakshmi devi. Many such stotras are recited or chanted for either fulfillment of worldly desires or for adhyatmik upliftment as part of worshiping a particular deity.

Astakam (where the number of slokas are eight in number) and such stotras are chanted by everyone without the requirement of vedic procedures.

Treatises and commentaries are also written as slokas having a particular chandas. Example : Vivekachudamani by Sri Shankaraacharya.

Tantrik texts are composed as slokas praising different deities and include conversations between different deities, thus prose compositions are also seen. Example : Devi Astottarasatanama stotram from Viswasaara tantra.

People of Vedic times

॥ Rishi

Rig Veda gives an ancient, extraordinary definition about a rishi as follows

प्रत्यर्धिर्यज्ञानामश्वहयो रथानाम्। ऋषि: स यो मनुर्हितो विप्रस्य यावयत्सख: ॥ (Rig. Veda. 10.26.5)

Accordingly, the term ऋषि:॥ Rishi is one who has the following qualities

यज्ञानां प्रति अर्धि: = One who effectively promotes and accomplishes yagnas (sreshta karma) and who is as pure, absolute and spotless always involved in performing the right deeds.

रथानाम् अश्व: (हय:) = One who earnestly and speedily urges forward the journey of a person's life on a positive path and redirects the journey of people with crooked, conniving, wavering mentalities back into the righteous track with his positive methods.

मनु: हित: = One who unbiasedly without prejudice works tirelessly for the well-being of mankind

विप्रस्य सख: = One who befriends wise and intellectual persons

यावयत् सख: = One who extends beyond the boundaries of mankind to promote the well-being of all creatures.

॥ Devi/Devata/Deva

॥ Sura

॥ Asura Vaidika kosha

॥ Dasyu

॥ Pani

Vaidika Kriyas

॥ Yagnam : A common and general term used to denote all satkarmas (good deeds) and encompasses several aspects such as worship, praise, pleasing of a deity, a purpose to achieve, a yaaga, an oblation and could be a mental (Jnana) or physically ritualistic process (Kratu) which may or may not include the piling of Agnihotra. An unmarried man is not allowed by sastras to perform any special yagnas or yaagas. A brahmachari is restricted to perform only some vaidika kriyas.

Bhagavad geeta gives the process of Jnanayagna. Adhiyagnam katham 8 .2 bhagavadgeeta Karma brahmo 3.15 bhagavadgeeta Yagnanardhat karmano yatra 3.9 Bhagavadgeeta 9.15 Jnana yagne, 9.16    

॥ Yaagam : Yaagas are elaborate rituals with specific names (in contrast to Yagna which is a general name) involving Agnihotra with special offering of suitable dravyas (havis such as purodaasa, milk, ghee, etc) to the devatas. Some yaagas last for one day to three or more days even up to 12 years. Example: Sarpa sattra yaga was performed by King Janamejaya where all sarpas serpents were destroyed in the yaaga fire.

A ‘Yaaga’ is made up of several rituals which has its own principal part (Pradhana). Those that form subsidiary or supplement to this are called ‘Angas’. Some of the rituals may be common to several ‘Yaagas’[9].  

A Yaaga is specialized vedic process involving an uddesa or intention (sankalpa) towards a particular deity, an altar (yajnakunda), a host (yajamaana), yajnika offerings of various kinds (kratuvu, bali), utensils, sacred fire (yagagni), one or more officiating priests (purohita), gifts (dakshina) for the priests and guests, expiation ceremony (prayaschitta) and other concluding rituals. They are performed in open or in a house, temple, palace or a temporary structure (yajnavatika) built for the purpose[10].

In Yaagas, yajamani offers the aahuti, in a standing position, using the utterance "वौशट् ॥ vaushat" at the end of mantras for the deity. Thus the ceremonies which are performed with the root "yaj" are yaagas like in "सोमेन यजेत ॥ somena yajeta"[11].

॥ Homa : Homa refers to both the small scale rituals involving specially constructed altars with Agnihotra such as in navagraha homa conducted for grihapravesam (housewarming) to larger scale rituals such as Chandi homa conducted in temples. Homas are usually conducted as Angas for mantrajapams and do not involve all the vedic procedures.

In Homam yajamani offers the aahuti, in a seated position, using the utterance "स्वाह ॥ svaaha" at the end of mantras for the deity. Thus the ceremonies which are performed with the root "hu" are Homas like in "अग्निहोत्रम् जुहुयात् ॥ agnihotram juhuyaat"[12].

In present days, homas are being conducted by women priests but that aspect is outside the purview of the nitya agnihotram.

॥ Isthi : Smaller Angas of the yaagas, some of them can be performed as individual events. Putrakaamesti is the famous example which was performed by King Dasaratha for obtaining a son.

॥ Nityapuja

॥ Archana

॥ Japa

* ..मन्त्रस्य त्रिविधजपो यथा, --“ वाचिकश्च उपांशुश्च मानसश्च त्रिधा स्मृतः .त्रयाणां जपयज्ञानां श्रेयान् स्यादुत्तरोत्तरः ..यदुच्चनीचस्वरितैः स्पष्टशब्दवदक्षरैः .मन्त्रमुच्चारयेद्व्यक्तं जपयज्ञः स वाचिकः ..शनैरुच्चारयेन्मन्त्रमीषदोष्ठौ प्रचालयन् .किञ्चित् शब्दं स्वयं विद्यादुपांशुः स जपः स्मृतः ..धिया यदक्षरश्रेण्या वर्णार्द्वर्णं पदात् पदम् .शब्दार्थचिन्तनाभ्यासः स उक्तो मानसो जपः ..तेन स्वरादिसुव्यक्तवर्णोच्चारणवान् वाचिकः .स्वयंशब्दग्रहणमात्रयोग्यकिञ्चिच्छब्दवानुपांशुः .जिह्वोष्ठचालनमन्तरेण वर्णानुसन्धात्मको-मानसः ..” * ..वाचिकेऽप्युच्चैर्जपनिषेधमाह शङ्खः .“ नोच्चैर्जप्यं बुधः कुर्य्यात् सावित्र्यास्तु विशेषतः .” योगियाज्ञवल्क्यः 

॥ Tapa

॥ Dhyana

॥ Homa

॥ Daana

॥ Purodasha

॥ Havishya

References