Changes

== Importance of Utsarga ==

== Importance of Utsarga ==

Construction of temples, digging of wells, and establishing religious and charitable foundations and institutions is included under purtadharma and people of all [[Varna Dharma (वर्णधर्मः)|varnas]], [[Ashrama Dharma (आश्रमधर्मः)|ashramas]], women and widows could perform such dharma. The Istadharma included vedic sacrifices and danas associated with them had some restrictions about who should perform them and the procedures involved. Shabara in his Bhashya on Jaimini sutras (1.3.2) refers to the [[Smrti (स्मृतिः)|Smrti]] rules about charitable objects which are based on [[Shruti (श्रुतिः)|Shruti]] passages as  <blockquote>प्रपास्तडागानि च परोपकाराय न धर्मायेत्येवावगम्यते तथा च दर्शनम् धन्वन्निव प्रपा असीति तथा स्थलयोदकं परिगृह्णन्तीति च ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>प्र ते यक्षि प्र त इयर्मि मन्म भुवो यथा वन्द्यो नो हवेषु । धन्वन्निव प्रपा असि त्वमग्न इयक्षवे पूरवे प्रत्न राजन् ॥१॥ (Rig. Veda. 10.10.4)</blockquote><blockquote>''prapāstaḍāgāni ca paropakārāya na dharmāyetyevāvagamyate tathā ca darśanam dhanvanniva prapā asīti tathā sthalayodakaṁ parigr̥hṇantīti ca ॥''</blockquote><blockquote>''pra te yakṣi pra ta iyarmi manma bhuvo yathā vandyo no haveṣu । dhanvanniva prapā asi tvamagna iyakṣave pūrave pratna rājan ॥1॥ (Rig. Veda. 10.10.4)''</blockquote>'O [[Agni (आग्निः)|Agni]], who art ancient and a raja, thou art to the man who desires to offer a sacrifice like Prapa (shed where water is distributed to travellers) in a desert."<ref name=":03">Kane, Pandurang Vaman. (1941) ''History of Dharmasastra (Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law) Volume 2, Part 2.'' Poona : Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute</ref>

Construction of temples, digging of wells, and establishing religious and charitable foundations and institutions is included under purtadharma and people of all [[Varna Dharma (वर्णधर्मः)|varnas]], [[Ashrama Dharma (आश्रमधर्मः)|ashramas]], women and widows could perform such dharma. The Istadharma included vedic sacrifices and danas associated with them had some restrictions about who should perform them and the procedures involved. Shabara in his Bhashya on Jaimini sutras (1.3.2) refers to the [[Smrti (स्मृतिः)|Smrti]] rules about charitable objects which are based on [[Shruti (श्रुतिः)|Shruti]] passages as  <blockquote>प्रपास्तडागानि च परोपकाराय न धर्मायेत्येवावगम्यते तथा च दर्शनम् धन्वन्निव प्रपा असीति तथा स्थलयोदकं परिगृह्णन्तीति च ॥ </blockquote><blockquote>प्र ते यक्षि प्र त इयर्मि मन्म भुवो यथा वन्द्यो नो हवेषु । धन्वन्निव प्रपा असि त्वमग्न इयक्षवे पूरवे प्रत्न राजन् ॥१॥ (Rig. Veda. 10.4.1)</blockquote><blockquote>''prapāstaḍāgāni ca paropakārāya na dharmāyetyevāvagamyate tathā ca darśanam dhanvanniva prapā asīti tathā sthalayodakaṁ parigr̥hṇantīti ca ॥''</blockquote><blockquote>''pra te yakṣi pra ta iyarmi manma bhuvo yathā vandyo no haveṣu । dhanvanniva prapā asi tvamagna iyakṣave pūrave pratna rājan ॥1॥ (Rig. Veda. 10.4.1)''</blockquote>'O [[Agni (आग्निः)|Agni]], who art ancient and a raja, thou art to the man who desires to offer a sacrifice like Prapa (shed where water is distributed to travellers) in a desert."<ref name=":03">Kane, Pandurang Vaman. (1941) ''History of Dharmasastra (Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law) Volume 2, Part 2.'' Poona : Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute</ref>

In [[Rigveda (ऋग्वेदः)|Rigveda]], mandala 10, a mention of pushkarini is made as given<blockquote>भोजायाश्वं सं मृजन्त्याशुं भोजायास्ते कन्या शुम्भमाना । भोजस्येदं पुष्करिणीव वेश्म परिष्कृतं देवमानेव चित्रम् ॥१०॥ (Rig. Veda. 10.107.10)</blockquote><blockquote>''bhojāyāśvaṁ saṁ mr̥jantyāśuṁ bhojāyāste kanyā śumbhamānā । bhojasyedaṁ puṣkariṇīva veśma pariṣkr̥taṁ devamāneva citram ॥10॥ (Rig. Veda. 10.107.10)''</blockquote>The Vishnu Smrti (Adhyaya 91)<ref name=":12">Vishnu Smrti ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%BD%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 91])</ref> extensively deals with the rewards obtained by conducting acts of digging wells, planting trees, building new temples and renovating dilapidated temples.  

In [[Rigveda (ऋग्वेदः)|Rigveda]], mandala 10, a mention of pushkarini is made as given<blockquote>भोजायाश्वं सं मृजन्त्याशुं भोजायास्ते कन्या शुम्भमाना । भोजस्येदं पुष्करिणीव वेश्म परिष्कृतं देवमानेव चित्रम् ॥१०॥ (Rig. Veda. 10.107.10)</blockquote><blockquote>''bhojāyāśvaṁ saṁ mr̥jantyāśuṁ bhojāyāste kanyā śumbhamānā । bhojasyedaṁ puṣkariṇīva veśma pariṣkr̥taṁ devamāneva citram ॥10॥ (Rig. Veda. 10.107.10)''</blockquote>The Vishnu Smrti (Adhyaya 91)<ref name=":12">Vishnu Smrti ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%BD%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 91])</ref> extensively deals with the rewards obtained by conducting acts of digging wells, planting trees, building new temples and renovating dilapidated temples.  

|Equivalent to 1000 Godana

|Equivalent to 1000 Godana

|-

|-

|During Winters (Hemanta Kala)

|During Hemanta Kala

|Equivalent to large Yajna, with gold dakshina

|Equivalent to large Yajna, with gold dakshina

|-

|-

|During Winters (Shishir Kala)

|During Winters (Shishira Kala)

|Equivalent to Agnishtoma Yajna

|Equivalent to Agnishtoma Yajna

|-

|-

|During Spring (Vasant Kala)

|During Spring (Vasanta Kala)

|Equivalent to Atiratra Yajna

|Equivalent to Atiratra Yajna

|-

|-

|During Summers (Greeshma Kala

|During Summers (Grishma Kala)

|Equivalent to Ashwamedha Yayna

|Equivalent to Ashvamedha yajna

|}Anushasana Parva (58.16 to 18) describe the rewards linked to the usage pattern. Vishnu Dharmottara Purana describes the rewards of water availability in the pond during rainy season to be equivalent to performance of Agnishtoma yajna.<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>प्रावृट्काले तु पानीयं तडागे यस्य तिष्ठति ॥१२ ॥(Vish. Dhar. Pura. 296.12)<br>अग्निष्टोमफलं तस्य पुरुषस्य प्रकीर्तितम् । (Vish. Dhar. Pura. 296.13)</blockquote><blockquote>''prāvr̥ṭkāle tu pānīyaṁ taḍāge yasya tiṣṭhati ॥12 ॥''</blockquote><blockquote>''agniṣṭomaphalaṁ tasya puruṣasya prakīrtitam ।'' </blockquote>

|}Anushasana Parva (58.16 to 18) describe the rewards linked to the usage pattern. Vishnu Dharmottara Purana describes the rewards of water availability in the pond during rainy season to be equivalent to performance of Agnishtoma yajna.<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>प्रावृट्काले तु पानीयं तडागे यस्य तिष्ठति ॥१२ ॥(Vish. Dhar. Pura. 296.12)<br>अग्निष्टोमफलं तस्य पुरुषस्य प्रकीर्तितम् । (Vish. Dhar. Pura. 296.13)</blockquote><blockquote>''prāvr̥ṭkāle tu pānīyaṁ taḍāge yasya tiṣṭhati ॥12 ॥''</blockquote><blockquote>''agniṣṭomaphalaṁ tasya puruṣasya prakīrtitam ।'' </blockquote>

Bhavishya Purana describes specific dedication ceremonies for different types of trees and orchards. While these broadly run along lines discussed above, there is some additional information about the form and purpose of these ceremonies.

Bhavishya Purana describes specific dedication ceremonies for different types of trees and orchards. While these broadly run along lines discussed above, there is some additional information about the form and purpose of these ceremonies.

For example, while dedicating a garden for public use, the donor also makes a specific prayer that if anyone is hurt or dies due to a fall from the trees, (or from the walk-way) then the donor should not be held spiritually liable. (Madhya Parva. Bhaga 3. Adhyaya 1. (उपवनादिप्रतिष्ठावर्णनम्) 31 and 44)<blockquote>वृक्षाग्रात्पतितस्यापि आरोहात्पतितस्य च। मरणे वास्थिभङ्गे वा कर्ता पापैर्न लिप्यते ।।३१।। (Bhav. Pura. Madh. Parv. 3.1.31)</blockquote><blockquote>''vr̥kṣāgrātpatitasyāpi ārohātpatitasya ca। maraṇe vāsthibhaṅge vā kartā pāpairna lipyate ।।31।।''</blockquote>

For example, while dedicating a garden for public use, the donor also makes a specific prayer that if anyone is hurt or dies due to a fall from the trees, (or from the walk-way) then the donor should not be held adhyatmikly liable. (Madhya Parva. Bhaga 3. Adhyaya 1. (उपवनादिप्रतिष्ठावर्णनम्) 31 and 44)<blockquote>वृक्षाग्रात्पतितस्यापि आरोहात्पतितस्य च। मरणे वास्थिभङ्गे वा कर्ता पापैर्न लिप्यते ।।३१।। (Bhav. Pura. Madh. Parv. 3.1.31)</blockquote><blockquote>''vr̥kṣāgrātpatitasyāpi ārohātpatitasya ca। maraṇe vāsthibhaṅge vā kartā pāpairna lipyate ।।31।।''</blockquote>

==== गोप्रचारः ॥ Pasturage for Cattle ====

==== गोप्रचारः ॥ Pasturage for Cattle ====