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Line 66: − == धर्मसूत्राणि ॥ Dharmasutras == − Dharmasutras based on Vedas have a more formal treatment on the topics of Dharma. They start with the explicit mention of the authority of Vedas as the source of dharma. They are the main treatises about the Dharma given by many rshis.<ref name=":3" /> − '''Baudhayana Dharmasutras''' <blockquote>उपदिष्टो धर्मः प्रतिवेदम् । upadiṣṭō dharmaḥ prativēdam ।(Bau. Dhar. Sutr. 1.1.1)</blockquote><blockquote>स्मार्तो द्वितीयः । तृतीयश्शिष्टागमः । smārtō dvitīyaḥ । tr̥tīyaśśiṣṭāgamaḥ । (Bau. Dhar. Sutr. 1.1.3-4)<ref>Baudhayana Dharmasutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%A7%E0%A Full Text])</ref></blockquote>Govindasvami's commentary on Baudhayana Sutras elaborates the above sutras as follows - "those volumes of granthas that propose the meaning (jnana) that is beyond the understanding of sensual knowledge, in every shaka (of the Vedas) and which are eternal are the Vedas. They put forth the (Shrauta) Dharmas (प्रत्यक्षश्रुतिविहितः प्रथमो धर्मः । pratyakṣaśrutivihitaḥ prathamō dharmaḥ). Each shaka is complete with Vedangas and the Kalpasutras in them discuss the shaka specific aspects. + + − Smarta dharmas (प्रकीर्णमन्त्रार्थवादमूलो द्वितीयः धर्मः । prakīrṇamantrārthavādamūlō dvitīyaḥ dharmaḥ ) for the second type. They are given by Smrtis, which are secondary explanations sourced from the Vedas. They are of five types namely, Varnadharma, Ashramadharma, Varnashramadharma, Gunadharma and Nimitta-dharmas. Again they are classified into general and specific dharmas. + − + − The third is dharma practiced by Shistas based tradition (तृतीयस्तु प्रलीनशाखामूलः घर्मः । tr̥tīyastu pralīnaśākhāmūlaḥ gharmaḥ), and they are people performing Shishtachara."<ref>Pt. Srinivasacharya, L. (1907) ''The Bodhayana Dharmasutra with the commentary of Govindasvamin''. Mysore: The Government Branch Press (Pages 1 - 2)</ref>+ − + − '''Gautama Dharmasutra''' (1.1.1-2) says <blockquote>वेदो धर्ममूलम्। तद्विदां च स्मृतिशीले। vēdō dharmamūlam। tadvidāṁ ca smr̥tiśīlē।<ref>Gautama Dharmasutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Full Text])</ref></blockquote>Veda is the source of dharma and the tradition and practice of those that know it (the Veda).+ − + − '''Vasishta Dharmasutras''' (1.4-6) says<blockquote>श्रुतिस्मृतिविहितो धर्मः। तदलाभे शिष्टाचारः प्रमाणम्। शिष्टः पुनरकामात्मा। </blockquote><blockquote>śrutismr̥tivihitō dharmaḥ। tadalābhē śiṣṭācāraḥ pramāṇam। śiṣṭaḥ punarakāmātmā।</blockquote>Dharmas are laid down by Shruti and Smrtis. In situations when they are not found there Shistachara becomes the pramana for dharma. Shishta are those selfless ones who do not seek personal gains.
Sources of Dharma (धर्मस्थानानि) (view source)
Revision as of 15:38, 3 January 2020
, 15:38, 3 January 2020adding content
===महानारायणोपनिषद् ॥ Mahanarayanopanishad===
===महानारायणोपनिषद् ॥ Mahanarayanopanishad===
<blockquote>धर्मो विश्वस्य जगतः प्रतिष्ठा लोके धर्मिष्ठ प्रजा उपसर्पन्ति धर्मेण पापमपनुदति धर्मे सर्वं प्रतिष्ठितं तस्माद्धर्मं परमं वदन्ति ॥ ७॥ (Mahanarayana. Upan. 79.7)<ref>Mahanarayanopanishad ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D All Anuvakas])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>dharmō viśvasya jagataḥ pratiṣṭhā lōkē dharmiṣṭha prajā upasarpanti dharmēṇa pāpamapanudati dharmē sarvaṁ pratiṣṭhitaṁ tasmāddharmaṁ paramaṁ vadanti ॥ 7॥ (Mahanarayana. Upan. 79.7)</blockquote>Meaning : Dharma is the support for the universe, it drives the dharmik people to progress towards their goals, by which they cleanse themselves off their papam (malefic results). All (beings) exist due to the intrinsic Dharmas they follow, hence Dharma is said to be supreme.
<blockquote>धर्मो विश्वस्य जगतः प्रतिष्ठा लोके धर्मिष्ठ प्रजा उपसर्पन्ति धर्मेण पापमपनुदति धर्मे सर्वं प्रतिष्ठितं तस्माद्धर्मं परमं वदन्ति ॥ ७॥ (Mahanarayana. Upan. 79.7)<ref>Mahanarayanopanishad ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D All Anuvakas])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>dharmō viśvasya jagataḥ pratiṣṭhā lōkē dharmiṣṭha prajā upasarpanti dharmēṇa pāpamapanudati dharmē sarvaṁ pratiṣṭhitaṁ tasmāddharmaṁ paramaṁ vadanti ॥ 7॥ (Mahanarayana. Upan. 79.7)</blockquote>Meaning : Dharma is the support for the universe, it drives the dharmik people to progress towards their goals, by which they cleanse themselves off their papam (malefic results). All (beings) exist due to the intrinsic Dharmas they follow, hence Dharma is said to be supreme.
== धर्मसूत्राणि ॥ Dharmasutras ==
Dharmasutras based on Vedas have a more formal treatment on the topics of Dharma. They start with the explicit mention of the authority of Vedas as the source of dharma. They are the main treatises about the Dharma given by many rshis.<ref name=":3" />
'''Baudhayana Dharmasutras''' <blockquote>उपदिष्टो धर्मः प्रतिवेदम् । upadiṣṭō dharmaḥ prativēdam ।(Bau. Dhar. Sutr. 1.1.1)</blockquote><blockquote>स्मार्तो द्वितीयः । तृतीयश्शिष्टागमः । smārtō dvitīyaḥ । tr̥tīyaśśiṣṭāgamaḥ । (Bau. Dhar. Sutr. 1.1.3-4)<ref>Baudhayana Dharmasutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%A7%E0%A Full Text])</ref></blockquote>Govindasvami's commentary on Baudhayana Sutras elaborates the above sutras as follows - "those volumes of granthas that propose the meaning (jnana) that is beyond the understanding of sensual knowledge, in every shaka (of the Vedas) and which are eternal are the Vedas. They put forth the (Shrauta) Dharmas (प्रत्यक्षश्रुतिविहितः प्रथमो धर्मः । pratyakṣaśrutivihitaḥ prathamō dharmaḥ). Each shaka is complete with Vedangas and the Kalpasutras in them discuss the shaka specific aspects.
Smarta dharmas (प्रकीर्णमन्त्रार्थवादमूलो द्वितीयः धर्मः । prakīrṇamantrārthavādamūlō dvitīyaḥ dharmaḥ ) for the second type. They are given by Smrtis, which are secondary explanations sourced from the Vedas. They are of five types namely, Varnadharma, Ashramadharma, Varnashramadharma, Gunadharma and Nimitta-dharmas. Again they are classified into general and specific dharmas.
The third is dharma practiced by Shistas based tradition (तृतीयस्तु प्रलीनशाखामूलः घर्मः । tr̥tīyastu pralīnaśākhāmūlaḥ gharmaḥ), and they are people performing Shishtachara."<ref>Pt. Srinivasacharya, L. (1907) ''The Bodhayana Dharmasutra with the commentary of Govindasvamin''. Mysore: The Government Branch Press (Pages 1 - 2)</ref>
'''Gautama Dharmasutra''' (1.1.1-2) says <blockquote>वेदो धर्ममूलम्। तद्विदां च स्मृतिशीले। vēdō dharmamūlam। tadvidāṁ ca smr̥tiśīlē।<ref>Gautama Dharmasutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Full Text])</ref></blockquote>Veda is the source of dharma and the tradition and practice of those that know it (the Veda).
'''Vasishta Dharmasutras''' (1.4-6) says<blockquote>श्रुतिस्मृतिविहितो धर्मः। तदलाभे शिष्टाचारः प्रमाणम्। शिष्टः पुनरकामात्मा। </blockquote><blockquote>śrutismr̥tivihitō dharmaḥ। tadalābhē śiṣṭācāraḥ pramāṇam। śiṣṭaḥ punarakāmātmā।</blockquote>Dharmas are laid down by Shruti and Smrtis. In situations when they are not found there Shistachara becomes the pramana for dharma. Shishta are those selfless ones who do not seek personal gains.
==स्मृतिः॥ Smrtis==
==स्मृतिः॥ Smrtis==
Smrtis are the Dharmashastra granthas, given by seers as the 'remembered texts'. They are also texts which among many things mostly discuss the dharmas to be followed by people. Dharmasutras laid the foundation for the later day nibandha compilations, namely, Dharmashastras.
Smrtis are the Dharmashastra granthas, given by seers as the 'remembered texts'. They are also texts which among many things mostly discuss the dharmas to be followed by people. Dharmasutras laid the foundation for the later day nibandha compilations, namely, Dharmashastras.
===अत्रि-स्मृतिः ॥ Atri Smrti===
===अत्रि-स्मृतिः ॥ Atri Smrti===
Atri Smrti attributes the highest position of a Guru (गुरुः । teacher) to Vedas<ref name=":03" /><blockquote>नास्ति वेदात् परं शास्त्रं, नास्ति मातु:समो गुरु: || (Atri. Smri. 5.148)</blockquote><blockquote>nāsti vedāt paraṃ śāstraṃ, nāsti mātu:samo guru: || (Atri. Smri. 5.148)</blockquote>Meaning: There is no other shastra greater than Vedas, just as there is no greater Guru than the mother (to the child).
Atri Smrti attributes the highest position of a Guru (गुरुः । teacher) to Vedas<ref name=":03" /><blockquote>नास्ति वेदात् परं शास्त्रं, नास्ति मातु:समो गुरु: || (Atri. Smri. 5.148)</blockquote><blockquote>nāsti vedāt paraṃ śāstraṃ, nāsti mātu:samo guru: || (Atri. Smri. 5.148)</blockquote>Meaning: There is no other shastra greater than Vedas, just as there is no greater Guru than the mother (to the child).
== धर्मशास्त्राणि ॥ Dharmashastras ==
Dharmashastras (धर्मशास्त्राणि) are organized texts dealing with dharmas of holistic perspectives of life. They detail less of the Shrauta yajnas and dharmas pertaining to the Shruti and emphasize more on the socio-economic, political and moral dharmas. They started to play an important role in the activities of life as yugas and yugadharmas changed.
Manu called a Dharmashastra as Smrti.<blockquote>श्रुतिस्तु वेदो विज्ञेयो धर्मशास्त्रं तु वै स्मृतिः । (Manu. Smrt. 2.10)</blockquote>Again, there are references where the term "Smrti" is applied to all non-vedic texts including the Vedangas (including the Dharmasutras), Smrti texts (Manusmrti, Yajnavalkya smrti etc) Puranas and Itihasas. In this article, the following terminologies apply.
* Sutragranthas (include the Kalpa Vedanga Sutra rachana)
* Smrtigranthas (include Manusmrti, Harita Smrti and such Smrti texts)
* Dharmashastras (include major Gautama, Vashista Dharmashastras and minor texts)
* Nibandhanas (Dharmasindhu by Pt. Hemadri)
As the texts evolved over time the differences between these texts became more apparent.
==षड्-दर्शनानि ॥ Shad Darshanas==
==षड्-दर्शनानि ॥ Shad Darshanas==