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Line 223: − − : − − Effort (or [[Manner of articulation|manner]]) of articulation ('''{{IAST|Uccāraṇa Prayatna}}''') is of two types for consonants,{{cn|date=March 2016}} − : '''Bāhya Prayatna''': External effort − :: '''{{IAST|Spṛṣṭa}}''': [[Plosive]] − :: '''{{IAST|Īshat Spṛṣṭa}}''': [[Approximant]] − :: '''{{IAST|Īshat Saṃvṛta}}''': [[Fricative]] − : '''Abhyantara Prayatna''': Internal effort − :: '''Alpaprāna''': [[Unaspirated]] − :: '''Mahāprāna''': [[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspirated]] − :: '''Śvāsa''': [[Unvoiced]] − :: '''Nāda''': [[Voiced]] − :: − − == Effects of Bad Pronunciation == − Pāṇinīyaśikṣā cautions against any mispronunciation in terms of accent or letter and asserts that such a usage would boomerang:<blockquote>मन्त्रो हीनः स्वरतो वर्णतो वा मिथ्याप्रयुक्तो न तमर्थमाह । स वाग्वज्रो यजमानं हिनस्ति यथेन्द्रशत्रुः स्वरतोऽपराधात् ॥ ५२ </blockquote><blockquote>mantro hīnaḥ svarato varṇato vā mithyāprayukto na tamarthamāha । sa vāgvajro yajamānaṃ hinasti yathendraśatruḥ svarato'parādhāt ॥ 52 ॥</blockquote>
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==== वृत्तिः॥ Vṛtti ====
==== वृत्तिः॥ Vṛtti ====
Nāradīyaśikṣā prescribes three vṛttis (procedures) called druta (द्रुता । quick), madhyama (मध्यमा । medium) and vilambita (विलम्बितम् । slow) that are useful in articulation of speech: <blockquote>अभ्यासार्थं द्रुतां वृत्तिं प्रयोगार्थे तु मध्यमाम् । शिष्याणामुपदेशार्थे कुर्याद्वृत्तिं विलम्बितम् ॥ २१ ॥ (Nara. Shik. 21)</blockquote><blockquote>abhyāsārthaṃ drutāṃ vṛttiṃ prayogārthe tu madhyamām । śiṣyāṇāmupadeśārthe kuryādvṛttiṃ vilambitam ॥ 21 ॥</blockquote>For practicing or recitation Drutavṛtti, for conversation Madhyama, and for teaching students vilambita vrtti are to be employed. In drutavṛtti, nine drops flow out of suṣumnā nāḍī, in madhyamā, twelve drops and in vilambita, sixteen drops are said to flow out of suṣumnā nāḍī.
Nāradīyaśikṣā prescribes three vṛttis (procedures) called druta (द्रुता । quick), madhyama (मध्यमा । medium) and vilambita (विलम्बितम् । slow) that are useful in articulation of speech: <blockquote>अभ्यासार्थं द्रुतां वृत्तिं प्रयोगार्थे तु मध्यमाम् । शिष्याणामुपदेशार्थे कुर्याद्वृत्तिं विलम्बितम् ॥ २१ ॥ (Nara. Shik. 21)</blockquote><blockquote>abhyāsārthaṃ drutāṃ vṛttiṃ prayogārthe tu madhyamām । śiṣyāṇāmupadeśārthe kuryādvṛttiṃ vilambitam ॥ 21 ॥</blockquote>For practicing or recitation Drutavṛtti, for conversation Madhyama, and for teaching students vilambita vrtti are to be employed. In drutavṛtti, nine drops flow out of suṣumnā nāḍī, in madhyamā, twelve drops and in vilambita, sixteen drops are said to flow out of suṣumnā nāḍī.
=== प्रयत्नः ॥ Prayatna (Effort) ===
Effort (or Prayatna) of articulation is of two types for consonants,
# '''Bāhya Prayatna''': External effort
# '''Abhyantara Prayatna''': Internal effort
## '''Alpaprāna''': Unaspirated
## '''Mahāprāna''': Aspirated
## '''Śvāsa''': Unvoiced
## '''Nāda''': Voiced
== स्वरतोऽपराधम् ॥ Effects of Bad Pronunciation ==
== स्वरतोऽपराधम् ॥ Effects of Bad Pronunciation ==
: '''Anudātta''': low pitch
: '''Anudātta''': low pitch
: '''Svarita''': descending pitch (usually follows high pitch)
: '''Svarita''': descending pitch (usually follows high pitch)
==See also==
==See also==