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Line 134: − + − + − (a) Proximity: All other factors being equal, stimuli that are near one another tend to be grouped together. For example, if four stand near one another and a fifth 10 feet away, the adjacent four will be seen as a group and the distant fifth as an outsider. Events that are close in time and space are also perceived together. + + − (b) Similarity: Stimuli that are similar in size, shape or color tend to be grouped together. + + − (c) Continuity: Perception tends toward simplicity and continuity. Even if there are dots in a circular fashion, the person will see them as a complete circle. + + − (d) Closure: It is the tendency to complete a figure that is incomplete but has a consistent overall form. (e) Common region: Stimuli that are found within a common area tend to be seen as a group.+ + Line 162:
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→Figure-ground Relationship
== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
Perception is a set of psychological processes that help us understand the world around us. We encounter numerous stimuli every second through our sensory organs. It brings about awareness and interpretation of our environment. It involves selection, organization, and interpretation of the sensory information based on one's previous experiences, needs, aspirations and even considering other's experiences.<ref name=":1">http://egyankosh.ac.in//handle/123456789/61382</ref>
Perception is a set of psychological processes that help us understand the world around us. We encounter numerous stimuli every second through our sensory organs. It brings about awareness and interpretation of our environment. It involves selection, organization, and interpretation of the sensory information based on one's previous experiences, needs, aspirations and even considering other's experiences.<ref name=":1">http://egyankosh.ac.in//handle/123456789/61382</ref>
In the Western tradition perception and inference, or experience and reason, are widely recognized as the two sources of knowledge, while in India six sources ([[ShadPramanas (षड्प्रमाणाः)|shad pramanas]]) are widely recognised as valid sources of knowledge.
== Sensation ==
== Sensation ==
=== Figure-ground Relationship ===
=== Figure-ground Relationship ===
According to this Gestalt principle, we tend to segment our visual world into figure and ground. Figure is the object or person that is the focus of the visual field, while ground is the background.
According to this Gestalt principle, we tend to segment our visual world into figure and ground. Figure is the object or person that is the focus of the visual field, while ground is the background. Perce
The factors which determine perceptual grouping are:-
The other factors which determine perceptual grouping are:-
=== Proximity ===
All other factors being equal, stimuli that are near one another tend to be grouped together. For example, if four persons stand near one another and a fifth 10 feet away, the adjacent four will be seen as a group and the distant fifth as an outsider. Events that are close in time and space are also perceived together.
=== Similarity ===
Stimuli that are similar in size, shape or color tend to be grouped together.
=== Continuity ===
Perception tends toward simplicity and continuity. Even if there are dots in a circular fashion, the person will see them as a complete circle.
=== Closure ===
It is the tendency to complete a figure that is incomplete but has a consistent overall form. (e) Common region: Stimuli that are found within a common area tend to be seen as a group.
== Illusions ==
== Illusions ==
== Perception Vs Pratyaksha Pramana ==
== Perception Vs Pratyaksha Pramana ==
Perception as one of the important qualities of the intellect has been regarded highly in Indian tradition. Kautilya in his Arthashastra describes that inquiry, hearing, perception, retention in memory, reflection, deliberation inference and steadfast adherence to conclusions are the qualities of the intellect.<ref>Kuppuswamy. B. Source book of Ancient Indian Psychology</ref> Indian philosophy and in particular the Darshana shastras extensively deal with the six ways of knowing or Pramanas required for understanding self as the knower.
- Nyaya defines perception as apprehension through sense-object contact.
- Mimamsa theory of perception is similar to Nyaya concept. Prabhakara introduced his doctrine of Tripartite Perception.
- Advaita mentions six stages of mental function, and perception through the senses is the first stage. Mind goes out through the senses, envelops the object and assumes its shape. The terms nirvikalpa (indeterminate) and savikalpa (determinate) have been used to describe two distinct forms of perception. This distinction has been quite common in Indian thought, and is subject to much debate among several schools of thought, such as Nyāya, Mīmāṁsā, Vedānta, and Buddhism.<ref name=":4">Paranjpe, Anand. C. and Ramakrishna Rao, K. (2016) ''Psychology in the Indian Tradition.'' London: Kluwer Academic Publishers. (Pages 174-176)</ref>
It is common in most schools of Indian thought to describe perception and cognition (samjñana) among babies as nirvikalpa pratyaksa, meaning that infants do not have the ability to perceive diversity or distinction, or to construe or imagine. In other words, individuals develop the ability to make meaningful distinctions, construe, and imagine (savikalpa pratyaksa), i.e., the capacity to “reason,” as they grow up.<ref>Paranjpe, A. C. (2006) ''Self and identity in modern psychology and Indian thought.'' New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.</ref>
The concept of indeterminate perception (nirvikalpa pratyakṣa) parallels what Piaget characterizes as the child’s experiences during the sensorimotor stage. During this stage the child’s way of knowing and understanding the world depends on seeing, touching, and manipulating objects. The transition from nirvikalpa to savikalpa pratyakṣa described in the Advaita literature is similar to the changes that Piaget describes as taking place during the child’s transition from the sensorimotor stage to that of concrete operations such as counting with fingers, which implies putting things together as the Advaita view indicates. A perspective common to both Advaita and Piaget is that our knowledge of the world is a matter of construction with elements of imagination added to what is given in experience.<ref name=":4" />
== References ==
== References ==
[[Category:Yoga]]
[[Category:Yoga]]
[[Category:Darshanas]]
[[Category:Darshanas]]