Changes

This Upanishad speaks of the rules of conduct beginning from the student life upto the fourth Ashrama i.e. Sanyasa. This explanation is in well ordered, graduated manner, revealing the depth of significance of each stage and its final culmination into the next, till a person reaches ''Brahmanandam''.<ref name=":32" />

This Upanishad speaks of the rules of conduct beginning from the student life upto the fourth Ashrama i.e. Sanyasa. This explanation is in well ordered, graduated manner, revealing the depth of significance of each stage and its final culmination into the next, till a person reaches ''Brahmanandam''.<ref name=":32" />

== Etymology (Rohit has to check 1,2,3 below) ==

== Etymology ==

The word Upanishad is derived from Upa and ni and '''shad'''. The prefixes 'upa' and 'ni' denote 'nearness' and 'totality' respectively. The sad according to Siddhanta  koumudi and Panineeya dhatu paatha has three meanings - 1. to loosen 2. to attain and 3. to destroy (Ref. 7 and 8)

The word Upanishad is derived from Upa and ni and '''shad'''. The prefixes 'upa' and 'ni' denote 'nearness' and 'totality' respectively. The sad according to Siddhanta  koumudi and Panineeya dhatu paatha has three meanings - 1. to loosen 2. to attain and 3. to destroy (Ref. 7 and 8)

Primarily, the Krishna shaka focuses on the ritualistic part and the associated mantras and chief priest bear great importance. The Shukla shaka attibutes more importance to the philosophical part of the Veda the segregation of which was the main reason for two shakas to arise.

Primarily, the Krishna shaka focuses on the ritualistic part and the associated mantras and chief priest bear great importance. The Shukla shaka attibutes more importance to the philosophical part of the Veda the segregation of which was the main reason for two shakas to arise.

Fundamentally both the shakas have a common content matter but differ in their arrangement.  The Krishna Yajurveda shaka contains verse or mantras part along with the prose part that deals with the presentation along with discussion of the sacrificial rites belonging to them. The Shukla Yajurveda shaka contains only the verse or mantra portions along with prayers.   

Fundamentally both the shakas have a common content matter but differ in their arrangement.  The Krishna Yajurveda shaka contains verse or mantras part along with the prose part that deals with the presentation along with discussion of the yajnika rites belonging to them. The Shukla Yajurveda shaka contains only the verse or mantra portions along with prayers.   

The chief priest Hotra has an important role in the conduct of the sacrificial rites in Krishna shaka, while the Shukla shaka does not regard Hotra with much importance.   

The chief priest Hotra has an important role in the conduct of the yajnika rites in Krishna shaka, while the Shukla shaka does not regard Hotra with much importance.   

== Structure of वल्ली ॥''Valli'' ==

== Structure of वल्ली ॥''Valli'' ==

=== First Anuvāka (प्रथमोऽनुवाकः) ===

=== First Anuvāka (प्रथमोऽनुवाकः) ===

The first ''anuvaka'' (lesson) of Taittiriya Upanishad starts with slokas, wherein states [[Adi Shankara]], major Vedic deities are proclaimed to be manifestations of [[Brahman]] (Cosmic Soul, the constant Universal Principle, Unchanging Reality).<ref name="adishankaratu1112">[https://archive.org/stream/AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English/05AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English#page/n61/mode/2up Aitareya and Taittiriya Upanishads with Shankara Bhashya] SA Sastri (Translator), page 62</ref> The first anuvaka includes a prayer and promise that a student in Vedic age of India was supposed to recite. <blockquote>''॥ शान्तिपाठः ॥''</blockquote><blockquote>''ॐ शं नो मित्रः शं वरुणः । शं नो भवत्वर्यमा ।''</blockquote><blockquote>''शं न इन्द्रो बृहस्पतिः । शं नो विष्णुरुरुक्रमः ।''</blockquote>

The first ''anuvaka'' (lesson) of Taittiriya Upanishad starts with slokas, wherein states [[Adi Shankara]], major Vedic deities are proclaimed to be manifestations of [[Brahman]] (Cosmic Soul, the constant Universal Principle, Unchanging Reality).<ref name="adishankaratu1112">[https://archive.org/stream/AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English/05AitareyataittiriyaUpanishadsWithShankaraBhashya-English#page/n61/mode/2up Aitareya and Taittiriya Upanishads with Shankara Bhashya] SA Sastri (Translator), page 62</ref> The first anuvaka includes a prayer and promise that a student in Vedic age of India was supposed to recite. <blockquote>"''॥ शान्तिपाठः ॥''"</blockquote><blockquote>"''ॐ शं नो मित्रः शं वरुणः । शं नो भवत्वर्यमा ।''"</blockquote><blockquote>"''शं न इन्द्रो बृहस्पतिः । शं नो विष्णुरुरुक्रमः ।''"</blockquote>

===== '''Literal Translation'''<ref name=":32" />: =====

===== '''Literal Translation'''<ref name=":32" />: =====

उरुक्रमः all-pervasive  

उरुक्रमः all-pervasive  

May Mitra be favourable to us, and so also Varuna. May Aryaman be favourable to us. May Brihaspati and Indra be favourable to us and so also all pervasive Vishnu. <blockquote>''नमो ब्रह्मणे । नमस्ते वायो । त्वमेव प्रत्यक्षं ब्रह्मासि । त्वमेव प्रत्यक्षं ब्रह्म वदिष्यामि । ऋतं वदिष्यामि ।''</blockquote><blockquote>''सत्यं वदिष्यामि । तन्मामवतु । तद्वक्तारमवतु । अवतु माम् । अवतु वक्तारम् ।''</blockquote><blockquote>''ॐ Shanti !!! Shanti!! Shanti!''</blockquote>नम: salutation, ऋतं: The Right thing, अवतु: Protect, वक्तारम् The Speaker (teacher)

May Mitra be favourable to us, and so also Varuna. May Aryaman be favourable to us. May Brihaspati and Indra be favourable to us and so also all pervasive Vishnu. <blockquote>"''नमो ब्रह्मणे । नमस्ते वायो । त्वमेव प्रत्यक्षं ब्रह्मासि । त्वमेव प्रत्यक्षं ब्रह्म वदिष्यामि । ऋतं वदिष्यामि ।''"</blockquote><blockquote>"''सत्यं वदिष्यामि । तन्मामवतु । तद्वक्तारमवतु । अवतु माम् । अवतु वक्तारम् ।''"</blockquote><blockquote>"''ॐ Shanti !!! Shanti!! Shanti!''"</blockquote>नम: salutation, ऋतं: The Right thing, अवतु: Protect, वक्तारम् The Speaker (teacher)

Salutation to Brahman, salutation to thee, O Vayu. You are the visible Brahman. I will declare you as the visible Brahman.  

Salutation to Brahman, salutation to thee, O Vayu. You are the visible Brahman. I will declare you as the visible Brahman.  

=== Second Anuvāka (द्वितीयोऽनुवाकः) ===

=== Second Anuvāka (द्वितीयोऽनुवाकः) ===

<blockquote>''ॐ शीक्षां व्याख्यास्यामः । वर्णः स्वरः । मात्रा बलम् । साम सन्तानः । इत्युक्तः शीक्षाध्यायः ॥ १ ॥''</blockquote>शीक्षां: The principles of phonetics, व्याख्यास्यामः (we) shall explain, वर्णः letters स्वरः vowels / accent, मात्रा quantity or measure बलम् effort or strength, साम:modulation, सन्तानः conjunction, इति: Thus, उक्त: is told शीक्षाध्यायः the chapter on the study of phonetics.<ref name=":32" />

<blockquote>"''ॐ शीक्षां व्याख्यास्यामः । वर्णः स्वरः । मात्रा बलम् । साम सन्तानः । इत्युक्तः शीक्षाध्यायः ॥ १ ॥''"</blockquote>शीक्षां: The principles of phonetics, व्याख्यास्यामः (we) shall explain, वर्णः letters स्वरः vowels / accent, मात्रा quantity or measure बलम् effort or strength, साम:modulation, सन्तानः conjunction, इति: Thus, उक्त: is told शीक्षाध्यायः the chapter on the study of phonetics.<ref name=":32" />

===== Literal Translation =====

===== Literal Translation =====

===== Literal Translation of first verse<ref name=":32" /> =====

===== Literal Translation of first verse<ref name=":32" /> =====

सह both, नौ to us, यशः fame (भवतु be), ब्रह्मवर्चसम् the brightness of appearance that is due to spiritual experience, अथ now, अतः: hereafter,  

सह both, नौ to us, यशः fame (भवतु be), ब्रह्मवर्चसम् the brightness of appearance that is due to adhyatmik experience, अथ now, अतः: hereafter,  

संहिताया of the sacred teachings about conjunction, उपनिषदं sacred teachings, व्याख्यास्यामः we shall explain, पंचसु In five, अधिकरणेषु chapters

संहिताया of the sacred teachings about conjunction, उपनिषदं sacred teachings, व्याख्यास्यामः we shall explain, पंचसु In five, अधिकरणेषु chapters

अधिलोकम् with regard to the worlds, अधिज्यौतिषम् with regard to the light, अधिविद्यम् with regard to the knowledge, अधिप्रजम् with regard to the progeny, अध्यात्मम् with regard to the soul, ता: they, इति thus, चक्षते they call, अथ the following, अधिलोकम् with regard to the worlds, पृथिवी, the earth, पूर्वरूपम् the prior form, द्यौ the heaven उत्तररूपम् the posterior form, आकाशः the sky, सन्धिः the union, वायुः air, सन्धानम् the medium ।

अधिलोकम् with regard to the worlds, अधिज्यौतिषम् with regard to the light, अधिविद्यम् with regard to the knowledge, अधिप्रजम् with regard to the progeny, अध्यात्मम् with regard to the soul, ता: they, इति thus, चक्षते they call, अथ the following, अधिलोकम् with regard to the worlds, पृथिवी, the earth, पूर्वरूपम् the prior form, द्यौ the heaven उत्तररूपम् the posterior form, आकाशः the sky, सन्धिः the union, वायुः air, सन्धानम् the medium ।

May there be glory to us both (the teacher and the student), to us there be brightness of the spiritual knowledge. Now we shall explain the sacred teachings of Samhita in five parts:with regard to the worlds, with regard to the light, with regard to the knowledge, with regard to the progeny, with regard to the soul. They call it the great conjunctions.

May there be glory to us both (the teacher and the student), to us there be brightness of the adhyatmik knowledge. Now we shall explain the sacred teachings of Samhita in five parts:with regard to the worlds, with regard to the light, with regard to the knowledge, with regard to the progeny, with regard to the soul. They call it the great conjunctions.

With regard to the world - the earth is the prior form, the heaven the posterior form, and the sky is the conjunction. The air is the medium of that union. This was with regard to the worlds.  

With regard to the world - the earth is the prior form, the heaven the posterior form, and the sky is the conjunction. The air is the medium of that union. This was with regard to the worlds.  

===== Detailed Explanation =====

===== Detailed Explanation =====

Om is also called as Pranava. The Pranava is the epitome of the Vedas. It is both philosophy in its essence as thought and practical Yoga as experience. The Pranava finds a detailed expression of mystical explanation, and corresponding eulogy at the beginning of Chandogya Upanishad, as Udgitha. It is a whole Vidya there, an entire and independent mode of intuiting the Divine through Holy sound or word. Above anuvaka says: Om comprehends all cosmic laws as well as ethical principles. In short it is the Chant, the Shastra, the Sacrifice, The Priest, the Exposition, the Wisdom, the Wish for immortality and the Means towards it.<ref name=":12" />

Om is also called as Pranava. The Pranava is the epitome of the Vedas. It is both philosophy in its essence as thought and practical Yoga as experience. The Pranava finds a detailed expression of mystical explanation, and corresponding eulogy at the beginning of Chandogya Upanishad, as Udgitha. It is a whole Vidya there, an entire and independent mode of intuiting the Divine through Holy sound or word. Above anuvaka says: Om comprehends all cosmic laws as well as ethical principles. In short it is the Chant, the Shastra, the Yajna, The Priest, the Exposition, the Wisdom, the Wish for immortality and the Means towards it.<ref name=":12" />

==== Ninth Anuvaka ॥ ॥ नवमोऽनुवाकः ॥ ====

==== Ninth Anuvaka ॥ ॥ नवमोऽनुवाकः ॥ ====

===== Literal Translation<ref name=":32" /> =====

===== Literal Translation<ref name=":32" /> =====

ऋतं the right (action), स्वाध्यायप्रवचने the learning of the Vedas and teaching of the same, तपः austerity / penance, दम: control of the senses, शम: the pacification of mind, अग्नय: the five fold fires, अग्निहोत्रं the Agnihotra sacrifice, अतिथय: the entertaining of the guests, मानुषं men (the duty of men), प्रजा children, प्रजन: propagation (marriage), प्रजाति the grand-children, सत्यवचा Satyavachas, राथीतरः The son of Rathitara, पौरुशिष्टिः the son of Purushishta मौद्गल्यः The son of Mudgalya.

ऋतं the right (action), स्वाध्यायप्रवचने the learning of the Vedas and teaching of the same, तपः austerity / penance, दम: control of the senses, शम: the pacification of mind, अग्नय: the five fold fires, अग्निहोत्रं the Agnihotra yajna, अतिथय: the entertaining of the guests, मानुषं men (the duty of men), प्रजा children, प्रजन: propagation (marriage), प्रजाति the grand-children, सत्यवचा Satyavachas, राथीतरः The son of Rathitara, पौरुशिष्टिः the son of Purushishta मौद्गल्यः The son of Mudgalya.

(They should observe the following): right action and the study and teachings of the Vedas, penance and the study and teachings of the Vedas; control of the senses, and the study and teachings of the Vedas; pacification of the mind and the study and teachings of the Vedas; the (consecration of) fires and the study and teachings of the Vedas; the (performance of) Agnihotra sacrifice and the study and teachings of the Vedas; the (entertaining of) the guests and the study and teachings of the Vedas; the (performance of) human (duties) and the study and teachings of the Vedas; children and the study and teachings of the Vedas; procreation and the study and teachings of the Vedas; grand-children and the study and teachings of the Vedas; Satyavachas, the son of Rathitara (thinks that) truthfulness alone (is necessary). Penance (is only necessary) so (holds) Taponitya, the son of Purushishta. Naka the son of Mudgala (maintains that) the study and teachings of the Vedas only (are necessary); that verily is penance, yes! that is penance.

(They should observe the following): right action and the study and teachings of the Vedas, penance and the study and teachings of the Vedas; control of the senses, and the study and teachings of the Vedas; pacification of the mind and the study and teachings of the Vedas; the (consecration of) fires and the study and teachings of the Vedas; the (performance of) Agnihotra yajna and the study and teachings of the Vedas; the (entertaining of) the guests and the study and teachings of the Vedas; the (performance of) human (duties) and the study and teachings of the Vedas; children and the study and teachings of the Vedas; procreation and the study and teachings of the Vedas; grand-children and the study and teachings of the Vedas; Satyavachas, the son of Rathitara (thinks that) truthfulness alone (is necessary). Penance (is only necessary) so (holds) Taponitya, the son of Purushishta. Naka the son of Mudgala (maintains that) the study and teachings of the Vedas only (are necessary); that verily is penance, yes! that is penance.

===== Detailed Explanation <ref name=":32" /> =====

===== Detailed Explanation <ref name=":32" /> =====

''Consecration of Fires'': Reference is to igniting and consecration of the [[Fire|five kinds of fire]].

''Consecration of Fires'': Reference is to igniting and consecration of the [[Fire|five kinds of fire]].

''Agnihotra sacrifice'': Offering of oblation to consecrated fires both morning and evening.

''Agnihotra yajna'': Offering of oblation to consecrated fires both morning and evening.

''Human duties'': Social duties

''Human duties'': Social duties

Be one to whom a mother is as god, be one to whom a father is as god,

Be one to whom a mother is as god, be one to whom a father is as god,

Be one to whom an ''Acharya'' (spiritual guide, scholars you learn from) is as god, be one to whom a guest is as god.<ref name=roberthume>[https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n301/mode/2up Taittiriya Upanishad] Thirteen Principle Upanishads, Robert Hume (Translator), pages 281-282</ref>

Be one to whom an ''Acharya'' (adhyatmik guide, scholars you learn from) is as god, be one to whom a guest is as god.<ref name=roberthume>[https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n301/mode/2up Taittiriya Upanishad] Thirteen Principle Upanishads, Robert Hume (Translator), pages 281-282</ref>

Let your actions be uncensurable, none else.

Let your actions be uncensurable, none else.

Those acts that you consider good when done to you, do those to others, none else.

Those acts that you consider good when done to you, do those to others, none else.

==== Anandamaya - Sixth, Seventh, Eighth and Ninth Anuvāka ====

==== Anandamaya - Sixth, Seventh, Eighth and Ninth Anuvāka ====

The sixth, seventh and eighth anuvaka of Ananda Valli states that the "vijnanamaya kosha" (knowledge, ethics, reason) envelops the deepest, hidden layer of existence, which is the "ananda-maya kosha" (bliss, tranquility, contentness). This is the inner most is the realm of Atman-Brahman (Soul, Self, spirituality).<ref name="pauldeussen26782" /> The ananda-maya is characterized by love, joy, cheerfulness, bliss and Brahman. The individuals who are aware of ananda-maya, assert the sixth to eighth verses of Ananda Valli, are those who simultaneously realize the empirical  and the spiritual, the conscious and unconscious, the changing and the eternal, the time and the timeless.<ref name="pauldeussen26782">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, pages 237-240</ref>

The sixth, seventh and eighth anuvaka of Ananda Valli states that the "vijnanamaya kosha" (knowledge, ethics, reason) envelops the deepest, hidden layer of existence, which is the "ananda-maya kosha" (bliss, tranquility, contentness). This is the inner most is the realm of Atman-Brahman (Soul, Self, adhyatmikity).<ref name="pauldeussen26782" /> The ananda-maya is characterized by love, joy, cheerfulness, bliss and Brahman. The individuals who are aware of ananda-maya, assert the sixth to eighth verses of Ananda Valli, are those who simultaneously realize the empirical  and the adhyatmik, the conscious and unconscious, the changing and the eternal, the time and the timeless.<ref name="pauldeussen26782">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, pages 237-240</ref>

These last anuvakas of the second Valli of Tattiriya Upanishad assert that he who has Self-knowledge is well constituted, he realizes the essence, he is full of bliss. He exists in peace within and without, his is a state of calm joy irrespective of circumstances, he is One with everything and everyone. He fears nothing, he fears no one, he lives his true nature, he is free from pride, he is free from guilt, he is beyond good and evil, he is free from craving desires and thus all the universe is in him and is his.<ref name="pauldeussen26782" /> His blissful being is Atman-Brahman, and Atman-Brahman is the bliss that is he.

These last anuvakas of the second Valli of Tattiriya Upanishad assert that he who has Self-knowledge is well constituted, he realizes the essence, he is full of bliss. He exists in peace within and without, his is a state of calm joy irrespective of circumstances, he is One with everything and everyone. He fears nothing, he fears no one, he lives his true nature, he is free from pride, he is free from guilt, he is beyond good and evil, he is free from craving desires and thus all the universe is in him and is his.<ref name="pauldeussen26782" /> His blissful being is Atman-Brahman, and Atman-Brahman is the bliss that is he.

The third Valli of Tattiriya Upanishad repeats the ideas of Ananda Valli, through a legend about sage Bhrigu. The chapter is also similar in its themes and focus to those found in chapter 3 of Kausitaki Upanishad and chapter 8 of Chandogya Upanishad.<ref name="pauldeussen3112">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, pages 241-246</ref> The Bhrigu Valli's theme is the exposition of the concept of Atman-Brahman (self, soul) and what it means to be a self-realized, free, liberated human being.<ref name="amsastritubhrigu2">[https://archive.org/stream/taittiriyaupanis00sankiala#page/698/mode/2up Taittiriya Upanishad] AM Sastri (Translator), GTA Printing Works, Mysore, pages 699-791</ref>

The third Valli of Tattiriya Upanishad repeats the ideas of Ananda Valli, through a legend about sage Bhrigu. The chapter is also similar in its themes and focus to those found in chapter 3 of Kausitaki Upanishad and chapter 8 of Chandogya Upanishad.<ref name="pauldeussen3112">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, pages 241-246</ref> The Bhrigu Valli's theme is the exposition of the concept of Atman-Brahman (self, soul) and what it means to be a self-realized, free, liberated human being.<ref name="amsastritubhrigu2">[https://archive.org/stream/taittiriyaupanis00sankiala#page/698/mode/2up Taittiriya Upanishad] AM Sastri (Translator), GTA Printing Works, Mysore, pages 699-791</ref>

The first six anuvakas of Bhrigu Valli are called ''Bhargavi Varuni Vidya'', which means "the knowledge Bhrigu got from (his father) Varuni". It is in these anuvakas that sage Varuni advises Bhrigu with one of the oft-cited definition of Brahman, as "that from which beings originate, through which they live, and in which they re-enter after death, explore that because that is Brahman".<ref name="pauldeussen3112" /> This thematic, all encompassing, eternal nature of reality and existence develops as the basis for Bhrigu's emphasis on introspection and inwardization, to help peel off the outer husks of knowledge, in order to reach and realize the innermost kernel of spiritual Self-knowledge.<ref name="pauldeussen3112" />

The first six anuvakas of Bhrigu Valli are called ''Bhargavi Varuni Vidya'', which means "the knowledge Bhrigu got from (his father) Varuni". It is in these anuvakas that sage Varuni advises Bhrigu with one of the oft-cited definition of Brahman, as "that from which beings originate, through which they live, and in which they re-enter after death, explore that because that is Brahman".<ref name="pauldeussen3112" /> This thematic, all encompassing, eternal nature of reality and existence develops as the basis for Bhrigu's emphasis on introspection and inwardization, to help peel off the outer husks of knowledge, in order to reach and realize the innermost kernel of adhyatmik Self-knowledge.<ref name="pauldeussen3112" />

The last four of the ten anuvakas of Bhrigu Valli build on this foundation, but once again like Ananda Valli, use the metaphor of "food" as in Ananda Valli.<ref name="pauldeussen3112" /> As with Ananda Valli, in Bhrigu Valli, everything and everyone is asserted to be connected and deeply inter-related to everything and everyone else, by being food (of energy, of material, of knowledge). "Food is founded on food", asserts verse 3.9 of Taittiriya Upanishad, which then illustrates the idea with the specific example "earth is founded on (food for) space, and space is founded on (food for) earth".<ref name="pauldeussen3112" />

The last four of the ten anuvakas of Bhrigu Valli build on this foundation, but once again like Ananda Valli, use the metaphor of "food" as in Ananda Valli.<ref name="pauldeussen3112" /> As with Ananda Valli, in Bhrigu Valli, everything and everyone is asserted to be connected and deeply inter-related to everything and everyone else, by being food (of energy, of material, of knowledge). "Food is founded on food", asserts verse 3.9 of Taittiriya Upanishad, which then illustrates the idea with the specific example "earth is founded on (food for) space, and space is founded on (food for) earth".<ref name="pauldeussen3112" />

</poem>

</poem>

|Bhrigu Valli, Taittiriya Upanishad 3.10<ref name=maxmullerbv/><ref name=pauldeussen311/><ref>Swami Gambhirananda, Taittiriya Upanishad, in Eight Upanishads, Vedanta Press, ISBN 978-8175050167</ref>}}

|Bhrigu Valli, Taittiriya Upanishad 3.10<ref name=maxmullerbv/><ref name=pauldeussen311/><ref>Swami Gambhirananda, Taittiriya Upanishad, in Eight Upanishads, Vedanta Press, ISBN 978-8175050167</ref>}}

== References ==

== References ==